Functional Groups and Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are isomers?

Answer 1

Molecules with the same chemical/molecular formula but different structures

Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 2

Monomers?

Answer 2

The small building blocks for molecules

Ex: Carbs - monosaccharides

Question 3

Dimers

Answer 3

Two monomers joined together

Ex: Carbs - disaccharides

Question 4

Polymers

Answer 4

A long molecule consisting of similar building blocks

Ex: Carbs - polysaccharides

*Lipids do not form polymers

Question 5

Dehydration Syntheis?

Answer 5

When two monomers bond through the lost of a water molecule

Ex: when this occurs, glucose monomers become a polysaccharide

Question 6

Hydrolysis?

Answer 6

When monomers that are bonded gain a water molecule, and break apart

Ex: Hydrolysis of a dissacharides results in seperate monosaccharides

Question 7

Three things about Carbon?

Answer 7

1. Carbon can make 4 covalent bonds
2. Carbon can make single, double, and triple bonds
3. Organic compounds contain carbon

the organic compounds are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 8

Hydroxyl

structural formula and basic function

Answer 8

Structual formula: –OH
Found in: Alcohols such a glycerol, Carbohydrates

Question 9

Carbonyl

structural formula and basic function

Answer 9

Structural Formula: -C=O
Found in: Carbohydrates

Question 10

Carbonyl (continued)

the two different carbonyl groups!

Answer 10

Ketone: is found in the middle
Aldehyde: is found on the edge

Question 11

Carboxyl

structural formula and basic function

Answer 11

Structural Formula: -OH, -C=O
Found in: Fatty + Amino Acids

Carboxyl is Carbonyl and Hydroxl combined.

Question 12

Amino

structural formula and basic function

Answer 12

Structural Formula: NH2 or NH3
Found in: Amino Acids

Question 13

Phosphate

structural formula and basic function
(say where it is found)

Answer 13

Structural Formula: -P=O, -P-O
Found in: DNA and RNA, ATP (provides energy in this form), Phospholipids

Question 14

Sulfhydryl

structural formula and basic function

Answer 14

Structural Formula: -SH
Found in: Amino Acids, Proteins
(stabilizes protein struture)

Question 15

Methyl

structural formula and basic function

Answer 15

Structural Formula: -CH3
Found in: unknown
(regulates gene expression)

Question 16

Carbohydrates?

Answer 16

They serve as fuel (energy) and building material

Question 17

General Forumula for Carbohydrates?

Answer 17

CnH2nO2n
(n = # of Carbons)
Specific Formula for Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose is C6H12O6

Question 18

What is the difference between Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, and Polysaccharides?

Answer 18

Monosaccharides = 1 sugar unit
Dissacharides = 2 sugar units (two monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides = multiple sugar units (many monosaccharides)

Question 19

What are five monosaccharides?

Answer 19

1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
4. DeoxyRibose
5. Ribose

Deoxyribose and Ribose have 5 carbon instead of 6!

Question 20

What are three disaccharides?

Answer 20

1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose

Question 21

What monosaccharides make the three disaccharides?

hint: sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Answer 21

1. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
2. Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
3. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Question 22

What are the types of functions of Polysaccharides?

Answer 22

Energy Storage and Structual

Question 23

Energy Storage?

where is it found?

Answer 23

Starch in plants
Glycogen in animal liver and muscle

Question 24

What are the three structural polysaccharides?

Answer 24

• Cellulose: Plant cell wall
• Chitin: Fungi cell wall
• Peptidoglycan: Bacterial cell wall

Question 25

Some more info on cellulose? | what is it made of? why can't our bodies break it down?

Answer 25

- Cellulose is made of beta-glucoses. - Our bodies can’t break down cellulose for energy because we lack the enzyme that recognizes the beta-glucose linkages, but we need cellulose for fiber for a healthy digest system (colon)

Question 26

If 8 glucoses are joined together, how many water molecules were removed?

Answer 26

7 water molecules

Question 27

Alpha-Glucose vs. Beta-Glucose | know the difference of their structures

Answer 27

the orientation of the hydroxyl group which is on the same side in α-glucose and on the opposite sides in the β-glucose. (The OH are switched on carbon 1) | (AB1 look at carbon 1)

Question 28

Galactose vs. Glucose | know the difference between these two structures

Answer 28

OH is up on C-4 in galactose | (GG4 look at carbon 4)