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biology > Functional Groups and Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Functional Groups and Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same chemical/molecular formula but different structures

Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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2
Q

Monomers?

A

The small building blocks for molecules

Ex: Carbs - monosaccharides

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3
Q

Dimers

A

Two monomers joined together

Ex: Carbs - disaccharides

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4
Q

Polymers

A

A long molecule consisting of similar building blocks

Ex: Carbs - polysaccharides

*Lipids do not form polymers

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5
Q

Dehydration Syntheis?

A

When two monomers bond through the lost of a water molecule

Ex: when this occurs, glucose monomers become a polysaccharide

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6
Q

Hydrolysis?

A

When monomers that are bonded gain a water molecule, and break apart

Ex: Hydrolysis of a dissacharides results in seperate monosaccharides

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7
Q

Three things about Carbon?

A
  1. Carbon can make 4 covalent bonds
  2. Carbon can make single, double, and triple bonds
  3. Organic compounds contain carbon

the organic compounds are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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8
Q

Hydroxyl

structural formula and basic function

A

Structual formula: –OH
Found in: Alcohols such a glycerol, Carbohydrates

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9
Q

Carbonyl

structural formula and basic function

A

Structural Formula: -C=O
Found in: Carbohydrates

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10
Q

Carbonyl (continued)

the two different carbonyl groups!

A

Ketone: is found in the middle
Aldehyde: is found on the edge

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11
Q

Carboxyl

structural formula and basic function

A

Structural Formula: -OH, -C=O
Found in: Fatty + Amino Acids

Carboxyl is Carbonyl and Hydroxl combined.

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12
Q

Amino

structural formula and basic function

A

Structural Formula: NH2 or NH3
Found in: Amino Acids

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13
Q

Phosphate

structural formula and basic function
(say where it is found)

A

Structural Formula: -P=O, -P-O
Found in: DNA and RNA, ATP (provides energy in this form), Phospholipids

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14
Q

Sulfhydryl

structural formula and basic function

A

Structural Formula: -SH
Found in: Amino Acids, Proteins
(stabilizes protein struture)

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15
Q

Methyl

structural formula and basic function

A

Structural Formula: -CH3
Found in: unknown
(regulates gene expression)

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16
Q

Carbohydrates?

A

They serve as fuel (energy) and building material

17
Q

General Forumula for Carbohydrates?

A

CnH2nO2n
(n = # of Carbons)
Specific Formula for Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose is C6H12O6

18
Q

What is the difference between Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, and Polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides = 1 sugar unit
Dissacharides = 2 sugar units (two monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides = multiple sugar units (many monosaccharides)

19
Q

What are five monosaccharides?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. DeoxyRibose
  5. Ribose

Deoxyribose and Ribose have 5 carbon instead of 6!

20
Q

What are three disaccharides?

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
  3. Maltose
21
Q

What monosaccharides make the three disaccharides?

hint: sucrose, maltose, and lactose

A
  1. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
  2. Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
  3. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
22
Q

What are the types of functions of Polysaccharides?

A

Energy Storage and Structual

23
Q

Energy Storage?

where is it found?

A

Starch in plants
Glycogen in animal liver and muscle

24
Q

What are the three structural polysaccharides?

A
  • Cellulose: Plant cell wall
  • Chitin: Fungi cell wall
  • Peptidoglycan: Bacterial cell wall
25
Q

Some more info on cellulose?

what is it made of? why can’t our bodies break it down?

A
  • Cellulose is made of beta-glucoses.
  • Our bodies can’t break down cellulose for energy because we lack the enzyme
    that recognizes the beta-glucose linkages, but we need cellulose for fiber for a
    healthy digest system (colon)
26
Q

If 8 glucoses are joined together, how many water molecules were removed?

A

7 water molecules

27
Q

Alpha-Glucose vs. Beta-Glucose

know the difference of their structures

A

the orientation of the hydroxyl group which is on the same side in α-glucose and on the opposite sides in the β-glucose.
(The OH are switched on carbon 1)

(AB1 look at carbon 1)

28
Q

Galactose vs. Glucose

know the difference between these two structures

A

OH is up on C-4 in galactose

(GG4 look at carbon 4)

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