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biology > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • the father of genetics
  • monk who lived 1822-1884
  • from Austrian Empire (Czech’s Republic)
  • crossed pea plants
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2
Q

Pea Plants

A
  • organisms that mendel used in his studies
  • pea plants have both female and male parts, and he would use those different parts to experiment with genetics.
  • pea plants can cross and self pollinate
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3
Q

P, F1, and F2 generation

A

P = parent generation
F1 = first generation
F2 = second generation

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4
Q

Genes

A

units that contain and determine the heredity information of an organism

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5
Q

Alleles

A

the varying form of a gene: one from mother and one from fathe

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6
Q

Dominant

A

the main trait that appears in an organism’s offspring

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7
Q

Recessive

A

the hidden trait that is not expressed by an organism’s offspring

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8
Q

Testcross

A
  • crossing an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the dominant individual
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9
Q

True (Pure) Breeding

A
  • a cell that can only produce one type of allele
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10
Q

Homozygous Dominant

A

Two dominant alleles

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11
Q

Homozygous Recessive

A

two recessive alleles

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A
  • two different alleles
    (one dominant allele and one recessive
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13
Q

Genotype

A
  • the specific alleles an organism has for a particular trait
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14
Q

Phenotype

A
  • a trait that is visibly displayed
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15
Q

Monohybrid Crosses

A
  • a single trait with two alleles
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16
Q

Dihybrid Crosses

A
  • two traits
  • each trait has two alleles
  • the phenotypic ratio of two heterozygous individuals in a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1
17
Q

Codominance

spotted

A
  • two alleles
  • neither allele is dominant over the other allele
  • both alleles are expressed

*like blood type AB or a flower with multiple colors.

18
Q

Incomplete Dominance

mixed

A
  • two alleles
  • neither alleles is dominant over the other
  • a phenotype is a blend of the two alleles

*black plus white = grey

19
Q

Multiple Alleles

A
  • one trait, but more than two alleles
20
Q

Blood Types

A

i = immunoglobulins (antibody)
ii = O blood type
AA or Ai = A blood type
BB or Bi = B blood type
AB = AB blood type

21
Q

Universal Donor?
Universal Recipient?

A

O is the universal donor
AB is the universal recipient

22
Q

Antigens

A
  • on the red blood cells
  • native to your body
  • anitgens allow your body to create a defense against future invaders
23
Q

Antibodies

A
  • defense protein that is part of the immune system
  • found in the plasma
  • blood antigens are carbohydrate sugars
  • O and B blood carry anti-a antibodies
  • O and A carry anti-b antiobodies
  • AB does not carry any antibodies
24
Q

Rh+ and Rh-

A
  • whether someone has a positive or negative blood type
  • this determines wherter someone can recieve a certain type of blood.
  • if Rh+ blood gets into the negative bloodstream the body will consider those cells to be foreign invaders and will create antibodies to destroy them.
  • someone with Rh+ can recieve both Rh+ and Rh-
25
Q

Rh incompatiblity during pregnancy?

A
  • if the mother has rH- and the baby is rH+
  • the first baby can be carried full term because the body does not have enough time to react to the antigens. any babies born after are at risk.
26
Q

Drosophila Melanogaster

fruit fly duhh

A
  • genus = drosophila
  • melanogaster = species
  • 4 pairs of chromosomes
  • 3 pairs of autosomes
  • 8 chromosomes in total
27
Q

Tay-Sachs

autosomal recessive

A
  • chromosome 15
  • defensize enzyme prevents lipid breakdown in neurons, leading to vegatative state and death in childhood
  • Ashkenazi Jewish
28
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

autosomal recessive

A
  • chromosome 11
  • defective hemoglobin leads to sickle shaped RBCs
  • Africans and sickle cell remains in this population because it protects Africans against malaria.
29
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

autosomal recessive

A
  • chromosome 7
  • lung problems, sticky mucous
  • (Australian, Northern European, French Canadian)
30
Q

Huntingtons

autosomal dominant

A
  • a problem in the nervous system that affects concentration, mood, and overall nervous system.
31
Q

Marfans

autosomal dominant

A
  • a genetic disorder that changes the proteins that help make healthy tissues.
  • cardiovascular, eye, and skeletal complications.
32
Q

Polydactyly

autosomal dominant

A
  • extra finger or toe
33
Q

Colorblindness

sex-linked recessive

A
  • specifically red-green color blindness
  • a person cannot distinguish shades of red and green
34
Q

Hemophilia

sex-linked recessive

A
  • an inherited blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.
35
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystropy

sex-linked recessive

A
  • progressive muscle degeneration and weakness

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