Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

Gregor Mendel

Answer 1

• the father of genetics
• monk who lived 1822-1884
• from Austrian Empire (Czech’s Republic)
• crossed pea plants

Question 2

Pea Plants

Answer 2

• organisms that mendel used in his studies
• pea plants have both female and male parts, and he would use those different parts to experiment with genetics.
• pea plants can cross and self pollinate

Question 3

P, F1, and F2 generation

Answer 3

P = parent generation
F1 = first generation
F2 = second generation

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

units that contain and determine the heredity information of an organism

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

the varying form of a gene: one from mother and one from fathe

Question 6

Dominant

Answer 6

the main trait that appears in an organism’s offspring

Question 7

Recessive

Answer 7

the hidden trait that is not expressed by an organism’s offspring

Question 8

Testcross

Answer 8

• crossing an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the dominant individual

Question 9

True (Pure) Breeding

Answer 9

• a cell that can only produce one type of allele

Question 10

Homozygous Dominant

Answer 10

Two dominant alleles

Question 11

Homozygous Recessive

Answer 11

two recessive alleles

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

• two different alleles
  (one dominant allele and one recessive

Question 13

Genotype

Answer 13

• the specific alleles an organism has for a particular trait

Question 14

Phenotype

Answer 14

• a trait that is visibly displayed

Question 15

Monohybrid Crosses

Answer 15

• a single trait with two alleles

Question 16

Dihybrid Crosses

Answer 16

• two traits
• each trait has two alleles
• the phenotypic ratio of two heterozygous individuals in a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1

Question 17

Codominance

spotted

Answer 17

• two alleles
• neither allele is dominant over the other allele
• both alleles are expressed

*like blood type AB or a flower with multiple colors.

Question 18

Incomplete Dominance

mixed

Answer 18

• two alleles
• neither alleles is dominant over the other
• a phenotype is a blend of the two alleles

*black plus white = grey

Question 19

Multiple Alleles

Answer 19

• one trait, but more than two alleles

Question 20

Blood Types

Answer 20

i = immunoglobulins (antibody)
ii = O blood type
AA or Ai = A blood type
BB or Bi = B blood type
AB = AB blood type

Question 21

Universal Donor?
Universal Recipient?

Answer 21

O is the universal donor
AB is the universal recipient

Question 22

Antigens

Answer 22

• on the red blood cells
• native to your body
• anitgens allow your body to create a defense against future invaders

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

• defense protein that is part of the immune system
• found in the plasma
• blood antigens are carbohydrate sugars
• O and B blood carry anti-a antibodies
• O and A carry anti-b antiobodies
• AB does not carry any antibodies

Question 24

Rh+ and Rh-

Answer 24

• whether someone has a positive or negative blood type
• this determines wherter someone can recieve a certain type of blood.
• if Rh+ blood gets into the negative bloodstream the body will consider those cells to be foreign invaders and will create antibodies to destroy them.
• someone with Rh+ can recieve both Rh+ and Rh-

Question 25

Rh incompatiblity during pregnancy?

Answer 25

- if the mother has rH- and the baby is rH+ - the first baby can be carried full term because the body does not have enough time to react to the antigens. any babies born after are at risk.

Question 26

Drosophila Melanogaster | fruit fly duhh

Answer 26

- genus = drosophila - melanogaster = species - 4 pairs of chromosomes - 3 pairs of autosomes - 8 chromosomes in total

Question 27

Tay-Sachs | autosomal recessive

Answer 27

- chromosome 15 - defensize enzyme prevents lipid breakdown in neurons, leading to vegatative state and death in childhood - Ashkenazi Jewish

Question 28

Sickle Cell Anemia | autosomal recessive

Answer 28

- chromosome 11 - defective hemoglobin leads to sickle shaped RBCs - Africans and sickle cell remains in this population because it protects Africans against malaria.

Question 29

Cystic Fibrosis | autosomal recessive

Answer 29

- chromosome 7 - lung problems, sticky mucous - (Australian, Northern European, French Canadian)

Question 30

Huntingtons | autosomal dominant

Answer 30

- a problem in the nervous system that affects concentration, mood, and overall nervous system.

Question 31

Marfans | autosomal dominant

Answer 31

- a genetic disorder that changes the proteins that help make healthy tissues. - cardiovascular, eye, and skeletal complications.

Question 32

Polydactyly | autosomal dominant

Answer 32

- extra finger or toe

Question 33

Colorblindness | sex-linked recessive

Answer 33

- specifically red-green color blindness - a person cannot distinguish shades of red and green

Question 34

Hemophilia | sex-linked recessive

Answer 34

- an inherited blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.

Question 35

Duchenne Muscular Dystropy | sex-linked recessive

Answer 35

- progressive muscle degeneration and weakness