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biology > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes - simple cells that do not have internal membranes and lack a true nucleus.

Eukaryotes - more complex cells that do have internal membrane-bound structures; true nucleus

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2
Q

Names of 3 Domains
and the names of kingdoms within each domain

A

Eubacteria -
Archaea - archaebacteria
Eukarya - plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

coined the term cells

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4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

created a powerful microscope

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5
Q

Robert Brown

A
  • discovered the nucleus
  • noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled around
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6
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

discovered plants are made of cell

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7
Q

Theodor Schwan

A

discovered that animals are made of cells
- schwan cells

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8
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A
  • did research on cancer cells
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9
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. cells are the basic units of structure
  3. cells come only from exsisting cells
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10
Q

Nuclear Region

A

membrane: no
function: where DNA is house
structure: irreguarly shaped
found: prokaryotes

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11
Q

True Nucleus

A
  • largest organelle
  • surrounded by the nuclear envelope and contains the nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and the chromatin, or DNA
  • it acts as the control center of the cell and is responsible for the instructions of photosynthesis and for transmitting DNA to the daughter cells. (houses genetic information for our cell and body)
  • also has nuclear pores that control what goes in and
  • eukaryotic

- city hall; the nucleus is the controlling force

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12
Q

chromatin vs chromosomes

A
  • DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells
  • DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
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13
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • small dense body inside the nucleus
  • composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
  • site of ribosomal subunit manufacture
  • nucleoli also assembles signal recognition particles and play a role in the cell’s response to stress.
  • eukaryotic

office in city hall; in the same area as city hall (nucleus)

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14
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • the plasma membrane encloses the cell
  • It’s made from a bilayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein, and it acts as a semi-permeable barrier.
  • it creates the cell’s internal and external environments
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic

police officers; they control what goes out and in of the cell (city)

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
  • provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
  • contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
  • found in all cells
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic

atmosphere/air; takes up the remaining space of the city

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • dense particles that consist of two subunits, each of which is composed of ribosomal RNA and protein.
  • they may be free or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and that is where protein synthesis takes place.
  • make proteins for cell
  • made of proteins and rRNA
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic

food producing factory; they make protein

17
Q

Rough Endoplastic Recticulum

A
  • encloses a cavity, the cisterna, and coils through the cytoplasm
  • it’s externally studded with ribosomes
    sugar groups are attached to proteins within the cisterna
  • these proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus and other sites
  • the external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol
  • eukaryotic

streets; ribosomes travel by the rough ER

18
Q

Smooth Endoplastic Recticulum

A
  • membranous system of sacs and tubules that plays a part in several metabolic processes.
  • free of ribosomes and synthesizes steroids, metabolizes lipids, and detoxifies drugs
  • regulates calcium in muscle cells
  • eukaryotic

manufacturing plant; make proteins and fat and ship them out

19
Q

Golgi Body

A
  • also called the golgi complex or golgi body
  • a stack of smooth membrane sacks and associated vesicles close to the nucleus.
  • it packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell for inclusion in lysosomes, and for incorporation in the plasma membrane.
  • the cis face is the recieving side, the trans face is the secreting the side
  • eukaryotic

post office; proteins are packaged, sorted, and sent to different places

20
Q

Vesicle

A

takes protein from the rough er to the golgi body

  • eukaryotic
21
Q

Lysosome

A
  • membranous sacs that contain acid hydrolases that breakdown different types of biomolecules
  • intracellular digestion takes place.
  • helps with other cell processes which include secretion and the repair of plasma membranes
  • plays a part in cell death (apoptosis)
  • eukaryotic

garbage disposal; breaks down waste and extra material and disposes them

21
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • found only in produces (organisms containing chlorophyll)
  • uses energy from sunlight to make its own food (glucose), and the energy from the sun is stored in chemical bonds of sugar.
  • contains its own DNA
  • surrounded by double membrane and inner membrane sacs called thylakoids.
  • eukaryotic

solar energy plant; both capture energy from the sun

21
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • rod-like, double membrane structures.
    the inner membrane is folded into projections called cristae.
  • this is the site of ATP synthesis, and is the powerhouse of the cell.
  • they help with other tasks like signaling, differentiation, and cell death.
  • the number of mitochondria varies depending on the cell type.
  • generates energy ATP
  • eukaryotic

power plant; produces energy for the city (cell)

21
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • non-living layer made of
    cellulose = plants
    peptidoglycan = bacteria
    chitin = fungi
  • supports and protects cell
  • found outside of the cell membrane

city wall; supporting the structure of the cell (city)

21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • made of proteins
  • microfilaments - cell movement and muscle contraction
  • threadlike and made of actin
    microtubules - cell division (help move chromosomes); make up structure of cilia and flagella.
  • tubelike and made of tubulin

steel griders - structure and support for buildings

22
Q
A

biology (14 decks)

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