Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 1

Diploid vs Haploid Cells

Answer 1

• Haploids contain one set of chromosomes (1n)
• Diploids contain two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Question 2

Somatic Cells vs Gametes

Answer 2

• Somatic Cells (body cells) make up are bodily functions and are diploids
• Gametes (sex cells) are the eggs and sperm and are haploids.

Question 3

Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes

Answer 3

• Autosomes are the chromosomes that carry the genes for our body (first 22 pairs)
• Sex Chromosomes are the chromosomes that determine our sex/gender. (23rd pair)

*sex chromosomes can also determine other stuff

Question 4

Karyotype

Answer 4

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

Question 5

DNA content vs Number of Chromsomes

Answer 5

• DNA content = the amount of strands
• Number of Chromsomes = count the centromeres

Question 6

Synapsis

Answer 6

when homologous chromsomes come together

Question 7

Tetrads

Answer 7

when a pair of homologous chromosomes synapsis and come together during prophase 1 of meoisis.

*composed of 4 sister chromatids

Question 8

Crossing Over

Answer 8

the exchange of genetic informaion between parental and maternal homologous chromosomes.

*the genes are of similar types so sometimes they switch

Question 9

Spindle Fiber

Answer 9

made of microtubules and structure on which chromosomes move to opposite poles.

Question 10

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 10

requires and egg and sperm which leads to increased genetic variation

Question 11

Cell Checkpoints

Answer 11

checks if the cell is growing properly, making all of its organelles, making all proteins and enzymes. also if the cell is generally healthy looking.

Question 12

Nerve cellss dont..

Answer 12

DIVIDE

Question 13

Mitosis Checkpoint

Answer 13

checks to see if the chromosomes attached to the spindle fiber correctly

Question 14

How can you indicate by chromosomes the sex of a human?

Answer 14

XY = Male
XX = Female

Question 15

Trisomy

Answer 15

3 chromosomes inside of 2

downsyndrome is trisomy 21

Question 16

G2 checkpoint

Answer 16

check to make sure DNA was replicated correctly and there is no disfunctions.

Question 17

Trisomy 18

Answer 17

Edward’s

Question 18

Trisomy 13

Answer 18

Patau

Question 19

Nondisjuction

*it can occor in meiosis 1 or 2

Answer 19

the chromosomes did not seperate properly

Question 20

Ploidy

Answer 20

the number of sets of chromosomes

Question 21

Mothers only carry a ….. chromosome, and Fathers carry a ……and….. chromsome. This mean what?

Answer 21

X
X and Y
This means that fathers determine the gender of the baby.

Question 22

What is XO?

Answer 22

Turner’s Syndome is a female with just one X chromosome. Which means they have difficulty with fertility and pubertal development.

Question 23

What is XXX?

Answer 23

People with this condition are skinny and taller. Some personality development challenges.

Question 24

What is XXY?

Answer 24

KleinCelters is a sterile male, with less muscular development, enlargement of the breast tissue.

*males are determined by the prescense of that y chromosome

Question 25

What is XYY?

Answer 25

Jacob’s Syndrome is a male that’s typically taller, severe acne, some behavioral problems.

Question 26

G1 checkpoint

Answer 26

checking to see whether the cell is growing properly and if its healthy, organelles been made, enzymes being produced.

Question 27

Interphase

Answer 27

G1 - the cell is growing and developing and duplicating organelles.
S (synthesis) - where the DNA is replicated.
G2 - the cell continues growing and developing and make proteins and organelles.

*genetic material appears as chromatin

Question 28

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

Answer 28

• increases the number of somatic cells
• growth
• repair

Question 29

Mitosis Phases

*PMAT

Answer 29

Prophase - the chromatin condenses into single replicated chromosomes, the nuclear envelope begins to disappear, and the mitotic spindle starts to form.

Metaphase - the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell on top of each other.

Anaphase - the spindle fibers pull about the sister chromatids to opposite poles.

Telophase - division of the nucleus and mitotic spindle is broken down.

Question 30

Cytokinesis

and the three different ones

Answer 30

the division of the cytoplasm
1. cleavage furrow (pinching of cytoplasm forms in animal cells from actin microfilaments)
2. cell plate (forms in plants cells from golgi vesicles)
3. septum (forms during binary fission in bacteria)

Question 31

Binary Fission

Answer 31

method of reproduction in prokaryotes
- its is not the same as mitosis and doesn’t make somatic cells
- it is a means of bacterial asexual reproduction
- circular DNA is replicated so that each new cell will have its own circular chromosome

Question 32

Purpose of Meiosis

Answer 32

to produce gametes and increase genetic variation

Question 33

Testes + Ovaries

Answer 33

both are glands
- testes cells undergo meiosis to form haploid sperm
- ovary cells undergo meiosis to form haploid eggs/ovum

Question 34

Meisois 1

*before entering must enter interphase

Answer 34

Prophase: the chromatin condenses, the chromosomes align with their homologous partner which synapsis and together they form a tetrad. then the homologous chromosome trade parts which is crossing over.

Metaphase: the homologous pairs line up NEXT to each other in the middle of the cell. the orientation is random. (random assortment of chromosomes.

Anaphase: the spindle fibers pull apart the homologous pair to opposite ends of the pole.

Telophase: division of the nucleus and chromosomes decondense.

Question 35

Meiosis 2

*DNA is not copied again + the cells are already haploids

Answer 35

Prophase: chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase: the SISTER chromatids line up at the middle of the cell.

Anaphase: the spindle fiber pulls apart thr sister chromatids.

Telophase: the nucleus divides and chromosomes decondense.