Proteins

Question 1

What are protein molecules made up of?

Answer 1

Long chains of amino acids.

Question 2

How are these amino acid chains folded?

Answer 2

Into a specific shape so other molecules can fit into the protein.

Question 3

Uses of proteins? 4

Answer 3

• hormones
• antibodies
• catalysts
• structural components of tissues

Question 4

Catalysts?

Answer 4

Substances which speed up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up.

Question 5

Biological catalysts?

Answer 5

Enzymes.

Question 6

Enzymes?

Answer 6

Proteins.

Question 7

Shape of an enzyme is…?

Answer 7

Specific to its function.

Question 8

The shape of an enzyme fits onto the…?

Answer 8

Substrate.

Question 9

What do high temperatures do to an enzyme?

Answer 9

Change its shape.

Question 10

Denatured enzyme?

Answer 10

Shape changed of an enzyme.

Question 11

How does pH affect the shape of an enzyme?

Answer 11

Affecting the forces that hold the enzyme molecule together.

Question 12

What does pH affect? 2

Answer 12

• the shape of the active site

* how an enzyme works best

Question 13

What does a change in the pH do?

Answer 13

Denatures the enzyme.

Question 14

When do stomach enzymes work best?

Answer 14

In acidic conditions.

Question 15

Where do some enzymes work?

Answer 15

Outside body cells.

Question 16

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

Answer 16

By specialised cells in glands in the lining of the gut.

Question 17

When do cells come into contact with food molecules?

Answer 17

When the enzymes pass out of the cells into the gut.

Question 18

What do enzymes in digestion do?

Answer 18

Catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules.

Question 19

Where is amylase produced? 3

Answer 19

• salivary glands
• pancreas
• small intestine

Question 20

What does amylase do?

Answer 20

Catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.

Question 21

Where is protease produced? 3

Answer 21

• stomach
• pancreas
• small intestine

Question 22

What does protease do?

Answer 22

Catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.

Question 23

Where is lipase produced? 2

Answer 23

• pancreas

* small intestine

Question 24

What does lipase do?

Answer 24

Catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.

Question 25

What does the stomach produce?

Answer 25

Hydrochloric acid.

Question 26

Where do the enzymes in the stomach work best?

Answer 26

In acidic conditions.

Question 27

What does the liver produce?

Answer 27

Bile.

Question 28

Where is bile stored?

Answer 28

Gall bladder.

Question 29

Where is bile released?

Answer 29

Into the small intestine.

Question 30

What does bile do?

Answer 30

Neutralises the acid added to food in the stomach.

Question 31

What does bile provide?

Answer 31

Alkaline conditions which the enzymes in the small intestine work best in.

Question 32

What can be used in the home and industry?

Answer 32

Microorganisms produce enzymes that pass out of cells.

Question 33

What do biological detergents contain? 2

Answer 33

Lipase and protease.

Question 34

What do lipase and protease do in biological detergents?

Answer 34

Break down food stains.

Question 35

When are biological detergents more effective?

Answer 35

At lower temperatures.

Question 36

Advantages of biological detergents? 2

Answer 36

• more efficient at removing stains from clothes

* lower washing temperatures which saves energy

Question 37

Disadvantages of biological detergents? 2

Answer 37

• if the clothes are not fully rinsed, protease enzymes may remain in the clothes, which digests protein in the skin
• irritation, allergies and dermatitis

Question 38

What does protease do in baby foods?

Answer 38

Pre-digests.

Question 39

What is starch converted to and by what?

Answer 39

Sugar syrup by carbohydrases.

Question 40

What is glucose syrup converted to and by what?

Answer 40

Fructose syrup by isomerase.

Question 41

Why is fructose syrup used in slimming products?

Answer 41

It’s sweeter in smaller amounts.

Question 42

Advantages to enzymes in industry? 2

Answer 42

• enable industrial reactions to take place at lower temperatures
• industrial processes can be cheaper

Question 43

Disadvantages to enzymes in industry? 2

Answer 43

• sensitive to temperature and pH changes

* temperature and pH need to be carefully monitored and controlled which can be expensive