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9th Science > Protein Synthesis and Meiosis Quiz > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis and Meiosis Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

The process of reading the instructions in the DNA to make a protein

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2
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of transcription? What’s its location?

A

Input: DNA
Output: mRNA
Location: Nucleus

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3
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of translation? What’s its location?

A

Input: mRNA
Output: Protein
Location: Cytoplasm/Ribosome

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4
Q

Transcription Process

A
  1. RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA Promoter where transcription is to begin and unzips the gene that needs to be copied (“TATA box”). 2. RNA Polymerase uses complementary base-pairing rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides. 3. The completed mRNA molecule is released. 4. DNA zips back up and the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
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5
Q

Translation Process

A
  1. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome. 2. Ribosome reads the mRNA codons in the 5’ to 3’ direction; starting at codon AUG. 3. tRNA molecules act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acids that match with the current codon being read off the mRNA. 4. tRNA’s continue to drop off amino acids, and the ribosome binds the amino acids together with peptide bonds
  2. When the “stop codon” is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein.
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6
Q

Codon

A

A set of three nucleotides on mRNA made of the bases A, U, G, C.

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7
Q

Anticodon

A

The complementary three nucleotides that tRNA carries.

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8
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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9
Q

Where do the codon and anticodon meet?

A

On the ribosome

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10
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Copies instructions in DNA and carries these to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Carries amino acids to the ribosomes and mRNA.

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12
Q

Complementary Base Pairing Rule

A

A matches with U. C matches with G.

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13
Q

Where is mRNA located? Where is tRNA located?

A

mRNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. tRNA is found in the ribosomes and cytoplasm of the cell.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a promoter in transcription?

A

It acts as the binding sight for RNA polymerase, marking the start point on a DNA strand where transcription should begin.

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15
Q

Transcription Purpose

A

Carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus

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16
Q

Translation Purpose

A

Read/follow the instructions on the mRNA to make a protein

17
Q

RNA Polymerase: Function and Location

A

Located in the nucleus. Transcribes DNA to mRNA by using complementary base pairing rules

18
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes line up closely to form a tetrad (4 sister chromatids).

Chromosomes pair up and overlap. Crossing over = Maternal and paternal chromosomes overlap and exchange some DNA randomly. Since crossing over is random, this process results in random genetic variation in the resulting gametes.

Chromosomes thicken and condense, nuclear envelope begins to dissolve, centriole pairs begin to migrate to opposite poles, and spindle fibers begin to form between them.

19
Q

Metaphase I

A

Tetrads line up in the middle of the cell.
Independent Assortment = maternal and paternal homologues line up on opposite sides randomly (they can face either pole). Therefore, when they separate, random genetic variation will occur again.

20
Q

Anaphase I

A

Chromosomes pairs are pilled apart. Cell enlarges and elongates in preparation for division.

21
Q

Telophase I

A

End of 1st division
Cleavage furrow forms to divide the cell in half
Cytokinesis occurs - results in 2 non-identical daughter cells.
DNA decondenses back into chromatin. The nucleus reforms and the spindle fibers dissolve.

22
Q

Prophase II

A

Beginning of meiosis II. The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve. The chromosomes condense and thicken. The nucleus disappears. The centriole pairs migrate to opposite poles as spindle fibers form between them.

23
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The orientation of sister chromatids at the equatorial plate is random, so they can face either pole. This means when they are separated there is random genetic variation.

24
Q

Anaphase II

A

Chromosomes are separated and pulled apart. Cell elongates in preparation for division

25
Q

Telophase II

A

Final stage – cytokinesis
Spermatogenesis, 4 sperm made. In oogenesis, 1 egg and 3 polar bodies are created. Has unique genetic material
Half the number of chromosomes.

DNA decondenses back into chromatin. The nucleus reforms. The spindle fibers dissolve.

26
Q

Synapsis

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, forming a tetrad. This process facilitates genetic recombination through crossing over, leading to genetic diversity in the resulting gametes.

27
Q

What does meiosis result in?

A

Four haploid daughter cells

28
Q
A

9th Science (11 decks)

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