Non-Mendelian Genetics Quiz Flashcards
Sex-Linked Genes Definition
Genes on sex chromosomes
How many genes do the X vs Y chromosome carry?
X chromosome contains many genes that affect many traits.
Y chromosome carries few genes
X-Linked Genes
Females inherit gene as normal and the principle of dominance applies. Males inherit the gene on the X, but not the Y. Since males have only one X, they express the trait whether it’s dominant or recessive.
Females vs Males Chromosomes
Female: XX
Male: XY
Sex Chromosomes
The last pair of chromosomes which determine the sex of the individual.
Autosomes
Pairs 1-22 of chromosomes
Codominance (Two examples)
Both traits are fully and separately expressed. Ex: Red and white flowers make red and white speckled flowers. Ex: Blood type (AB blood is fully A and fully B)
Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. Neither allele is completely dominant or recessive. Ex: Red and white flowers make pink flowers
Linked Genes
Genes that are physically located on the same chromosome will be inherited together. Linked genes can be separated or broken apart during crossing over.
Polygenic Inheritance
A trait produced by two or more genes. Usually shows a range in phenotype. Ex: skin color, eye color, height, personality
Epistasis
Describes a certain relationship between genes where an allele of one gene hides or masks the visible output, or phenotype of another gene. When one gene overshadows all others (Ex. albinism)
Multiple Alleles
Having more than two alleles for one gene. Ex: alleles for blood type are A, B, and i.
How does blood type display codominance and multiple alleles?
Codominance: Blood type AB is fully A and fully B
Multiple Alleles: Alleles = A, B, and i
Genotypes for the four blood types
A: AA or Ai
B: BB or Bi
AB: AB
O: ii
What type of antigen does each blood type have?
A: A antigen
B: B antigen
AB: A and B antigens
O: No antigens
What type of antibodies does each blood type have?
A: anti-B
B: anti-A
AB: None
O: anti-A and anti-B
What blood type is the universal donor?
O-
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
Can blood type A+ receive A- blood?
Yes
What does it mean if your blood type is positive?
Your blood cells have the Rh antigen (factor)
Agglutination
The clumping of particles together (ex. A antigens with anti-A antibodies)
Where are antigens located?
The surface of red blood cells
A mystery blood sample is mixed with anti-B antibodies and agglutination occurs. Nothing occurs with the anti-A antibodies. This means…?
The blood sample has B antigens, and it’s Blood Type B.
