DNA Quiz

Question 1

What is DNA made of?

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

Structure of a Nucleotide (DNA)

Answer 2

Deoxyribose sugar connects to phosphate and a nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine)

Question 3

Purines

Answer 3

Big base. Adenine and Guanine.

Question 4

Pyrimidines.

Answer 4

Small base. Cytosine and Thymine (and Uracil).

Question 5

What bonds exist within DNA? (2)

Answer 5

Weak hydrogen bonds hold together nucleotides. Strong covalent bonds hold together the sugar molecules and phosphate groups (along the backbone of the DNA molecule).

Question 6

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 6

DNA: Nitrogenous bases are A, T, C, and G. Uses deoxyribose sugar. Double helix.

RNA: Nitrogenous bases are A, U (Uracil), C, and G. Uses ribose sugar. Single strand.

Question 7

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 7

The amount of A’s equals the amount of T’s. The amount of C’s equals the amount of G’s.

Question 8

Chromosomes

Answer 8

Tightly coiled strands of DNA

Question 9

Genes

Answer 9

A piece of DNA that has instructions to code for one protein. A sequence of nucleotides.

Question 10

Proteins

Answer 10

Long chains of molecules made of individual amino acids

Question 11

Sizing order of DNA (8)

Answer 11

Base Pair. Nucleotide. Codon. Amino Acid. Gene. Protein. Strand of DNA. Chromosome.

Question 12

Codon

Answer 12

A sequence of three nucleotides that code for one specific amino acid

Question 13

Complementary Base Pairs

Answer 13

Adenine with Thymine. Cytosine with Guanine.

Question 14

Gene to Protein Process

Answer 14

A gene is a piece of DNA that has instructions to code for one protein. Each gene consists of sequences of three base pairs called codons. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.
The sequence of amino acids then come together to form a protein.

Question 15

What is DNA used for? (2)

Answer 15

To store genetic information and make proteins

Question 16

Nucleic Acid

Answer 16

DNA is a nucleic acid. It’s made of nucleotides.

Question 17

DNA Replication Process

Answer 17

Enzyme Helicase unzips the DNA into two strands. Enzyme DNA Polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template strands. It only adds on the free 3’ end of the template strand, meaning DNA forms in the 5’ to 3’ direction only. Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an “old” strand and a “new” strand. (Which is why it’s semi-conservative replication)

Question 18

Which direction does DNA form in?

Answer 18

5’ to 3’

Question 19

Helicase

Answer 19

Unzips DNA into two strands

Question 20

Primase

Answer 20

Signals polymerase to start. Like a “key” for a car ignition. Makes short RNA primers, which are short pieces of RNA to help get the DNA polymerase started.

Question 21

DNA Polymerase (3 functions)

Answer 21

Adds nucleotides to primase. After all nucleotides are added to complement strand, RNA primer is removed and replaced with DNA by DNA Polymerase. It proofreads the strand before the backbone is finished.

Question 22

DNA Ligase

Answer 22

“Seals” the gaps in the DNA. Connects DNA pieces by making phosphodiester bonds.

Question 23

Semi-Conservative Replication: Basic Process

Answer 23

Each parent strand is now a template that determines the order of the new bases. Forms a “complementary” strand to original strand. The two new double helixes are each a combination of one “old” strand and one “new” DNA strand.

Question 24

DNA Structure: Double Helix

Answer 24

The “sides” (backbone) are made of alternating sugar molecules (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. The “rungs” of the ladder are made if nitrogen bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds.

Question 25

Antiparallel

Answer 25

The strands of DNA run in opposite (antiparallel) directions). The first strand runs from 5’ to 3’ and the second strand runs from 3’ to 5’.

Question 26

5’ end and 3’ end.

Answer 26

5’ end: Phosphate
3’ end: Deoxyribose sugar

Question 27

Leading Strand

Answer 27

New strand made towards the replication fork. Needs one RNA primer made by Primase. The leading strand is made continuously.

Question 28

Lagging Strand

Answer 28

New strand made away from the replication fork. Replicates discontinuously. Creates fragments of DNA which are joined together by DNA Ligase, Needs many RNA primers made by Primase.