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BIO 1210 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous base pairs in RNA?

A

A & U

C & G

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2
Q

Which base does Adenine pair with in RNA?

A

Uracil

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3
Q

Which base does Guanine pair with?

A

Cytosine

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4
Q

Which base does Uracil pair with in RNA?

A

Adenine

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5
Q

Which base does Cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine

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6
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of RNA?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
  4. Ribozymes
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8
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of making a protein?

A
  1. DNA is transcribed to mRNA
  2. mRNA travels to the cytoplasm
  3. mRNA is translated by ribosomes
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9
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

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10
Q

Where does the mRNA travel to in eukaryotes?

A

the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Where do all the steps of protein synthesis occur in prokaryotes?

A

the cytoplasm

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12
Q

T or F: most genes code for a polypeptide

A

True

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13
Q

Which direction does DNA polymerase make new DNA strands and which way does it read DNA strands?

A

MAKES: 5’-3’

READS: 3’-5’

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14
Q

Define transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

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15
Q

Which enzyme transcribes DNA?

A

RNA Polymerase

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16
Q

How does transcription occur?

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at gene’s promoter
  2. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and separates strands
  3. RNA polymerase makes RNA in the 5’-3’ direction
  4. Synthesizes RNA by pairing complementary RNA nucleotides with the template DNA
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17
Q

Define promoter

A

Specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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18
Q

Define transcription factors

A

A collection of proteins in eukaryotes that help RNA polymerase bind to promoters and start transcription

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19
Q

What happens if there are no transcription factors present?

A

No transcription of genes = no proteins synthesized

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20
Q

How does RNA polymerase bind to DNA in eukaryotes?

A

Transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to promoters and start transcription

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21
Q

Do prokaryotes have transcription factors?

A

No, they do not need help binding RNA polymerase to DNA

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22
Q

T or F: RNA is made in the 5’-3’ direction

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What type of bond forms between the nucleotides when RNA is being synthesized?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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24
Q

When does RNA Polymerase detach?

A

When it hits a specific sequence in the DNA that signals transcription is finished

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25
Q

What happens when transcription is finished?

A

The DNA strands will rebond and recoil (hydrogen bonds) will reform between the nitrogenous bases of the ladder

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26
Q

What bonds reform when transcription is finished?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs

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27
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between G and C?

A

three

28
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and U?

A

two

29
Q

What is the product of transcription?

A

RNA

Either rRNA, tRNA, or mRNA

30
Q

What are the final products of transcription and which product will continue on the process of translation?

A

FINAL: tRNA and rRNA

if mRNA is produced, it will need to be translated

31
Q

Define translation

A

The production of a polypeptide by a ribosome reading the information encoded in an mRNA

32
Q

Which form of RNA is translated?

A

mRNA

33
Q

Essentially, what does translation mean?

A

It changes mRNA from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids

34
Q

T or F: all species use the same genetic code

A

True

35
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

All bases are read in groups of 3 (codon)

read by ribosomes in a 5’-3’ order

36
Q

What reads the mRNA and in which direction?

A

ribosomes, in the 5’-3’ direction

37
Q

Define gene expression

A

making the product (protein or RNA) that is encoded by a gene

38
Q

Define codon

A

3 nitrogenous bases in mRNA specifying an amino acid or terminating the assembly of a polypeptide

39
Q

How many different codons are there?

A

64 different combinations of the three bases

40
Q

How many codons are there for amino acids?

A

61

41
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

42
Q

How many amino acids exist?

A

20

43
Q

Describe why the genetic code is degenerate?

A

Because most amino acids are specified by more than one codon

ie, there are 20 amino acids and 61 codons for amino acids

44
Q

What is the universal start codon and which amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG, codes for methionine amino acid

45
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

46
Q

Define start codon

A

Place where translation starts on mRNA.
It sets the reading frame for the codons

it is AUG (methionine amino acid) for all polypeptides

47
Q

Define reading frame

A

The part of mRNA that is translated

It sets which groups of three nitrogenous bases are read together (ie how the codons are read)

48
Q

Define anticodon

A

A nucleotide triplet which base-pairs wth a complementary codon on mRNA

ex. mRNA codon GGC = anticodon CCG

49
Q

What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?

A

An enzyme that attaches the correct amino acids to tRNAs

50
Q

What does charging the tRNA mean?

A

When an amino acid is put onto the tRNA it becomes charged

51
Q

How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are there?

A

one for each amino acid = 20

52
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

two subunits made of proteins and rRNAs

53
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

to add each amino acid to the polypeptide chain

54
Q

What form of RNA do ribosomes have binding sites for?

A

mRNA and tRNA

55
Q

How many binding sites do ribosomes have for charged tRNA and what are they called?

A

3:

EPA

56
Q

Describe the P site

A

The peptidal binding site on ribosomes that holds charged tRNAs that carry the growing polypeptide chain

57
Q

Describe the A site

A

The aminoacyl-tRNA binding site on ribosomes that holds tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

58
Q

Describe the E site

A

the exit site on ribosomes where discharged tRNAs leave

59
Q

What are the 3 steps of translation?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
60
Q

What occurs during the initiation step of translation?

A
  1. small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA at start codon
  2. tRNA charged with methionine (AUG) binds to mRNA at P site
  3. large ribosomal unit attaches

this is all powered by the hydrolysis of GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)

61
Q

What occurs during the elongation step of translation?

A

Amino acids are added one by one to the growing chain in a three step cycle

  1. appropriately charged tRNA comes into A site and forms H-bond between codon and anticodon
  2. peptide bond is formed between growing chain and incoming amino acid
  3. polypeptide is transferred to tRNA in A site
62
Q

What occurs during the translocation step of translation?

A
  1. mRNA moves down three bases so that
  2. tRNA that was in the P site moves to the E site where it is released
  3. tRNA that was in A site is now in P site
  4. next codon is now in A site
63
Q

When does translation end?

A

When the stop codons are reached (UGA, UAA, UAG)

64
Q

What occurs during the termination step of translation?

A
  1. UAG, UAA, UGA are stop codons that do not code for an amino acid
  2. when these codons reach the A site, release factor proteins bind to the stop codon
  3. polypeptide is released by release factors
  4. small and large ribosome subunits separate
65
Q

Define release factors

A

Proteins in the termination stage of translation that bind to the stop codon by hydrolyzing the bond between the last amino acid and tRNA in the P site to release the polypeptide

BIO 1210 (16 decks)

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