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Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous base pairs in RNA?

A

A & U

C & G

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2
Q

Which base does Adenine pair with in RNA?

A

Uracil

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3
Q

Which base does Guanine pair with?

A

Cytosine

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4
Q

Which base does Uracil pair with in RNA?

A

Adenine

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5
Q

Which base does Cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine

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6
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of RNA?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
  4. Ribozymes
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8
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of making a protein?

A
  1. DNA is transcribed to mRNA
  2. mRNA travels to the cytoplasm
  3. mRNA is translated by ribosomes
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9
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

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10
Q

Where does the mRNA travel to in eukaryotes?

A

the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Where do all the steps of protein synthesis occur in prokaryotes?

A

the cytoplasm

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12
Q

T or F: most genes code for a polypeptide

A

True

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13
Q

Which direction does DNA polymerase make new DNA strands and which way does it read DNA strands?

A

MAKES: 5’-3’

READS: 3’-5’

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14
Q

Define transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

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15
Q

Which enzyme transcribes DNA?

A

RNA Polymerase

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16
Q

How does transcription occur?

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at gene’s promoter
  2. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and separates strands
  3. RNA polymerase makes RNA in the 5’-3’ direction
  4. Synthesizes RNA by pairing complementary RNA nucleotides with the template DNA
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17
Q

Define promoter

A

Specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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18
Q

Define transcription factors

A

A collection of proteins in eukaryotes that help RNA polymerase bind to promoters and start transcription

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19
Q

What happens if there are no transcription factors present?

A

No transcription of genes = no proteins synthesized

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20
Q

How does RNA polymerase bind to DNA in eukaryotes?

A

Transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to promoters and start transcription

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21
Q

Do prokaryotes have transcription factors?

A

No, they do not need help binding RNA polymerase to DNA

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22
Q

T or F: RNA is made in the 5’-3’ direction

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What type of bond forms between the nucleotides when RNA is being synthesized?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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24
Q

When does RNA Polymerase detach?

A

When it hits a specific sequence in the DNA that signals transcription is finished

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25
What happens when transcription is finished?
The DNA strands will rebond and recoil (hydrogen bonds) will reform between the nitrogenous bases of the ladder
26
What bonds reform when transcription is finished?
Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs
27
How many hydrogen bonds between G and C?
three
28
How many hydrogen bonds between A and U?
two
29
What is the product of transcription?
RNA Either rRNA, tRNA, or mRNA
30
What are the final products of transcription and which product will continue on the process of translation?
FINAL: tRNA and rRNA if mRNA is produced, it will need to be translated
31
Define translation
The production of a polypeptide by a ribosome reading the information encoded in an mRNA
32
Which form of RNA is translated?
mRNA
33
Essentially, what does translation mean?
It changes mRNA from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids
34
T or F: all species use the same genetic code
True
35
What is the genetic code?
All bases are read in groups of 3 (codon) read by ribosomes in a 5'-3' order
36
What reads the mRNA and in which direction?
ribosomes, in the 5'-3' direction
37
Define gene expression
making the product (protein or RNA) that is encoded by a gene
38
Define codon
3 nitrogenous bases in mRNA specifying an amino acid or terminating the assembly of a polypeptide
39
How many different codons are there?
64 different combinations of the three bases
40
How many codons are there for amino acids?
61
41
How many stop codons are there?
3
42
How many amino acids exist?
20
43
Describe why the genetic code is degenerate?
Because most amino acids are specified by more than one codon ie, there are 20 amino acids and 61 codons for amino acids
44
What is the universal start codon and which amino acid does it code for?
AUG, codes for methionine amino acid
45
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA UGA UAG
46
Define start codon
Place where translation starts on mRNA. It sets the reading frame for the codons it is AUG (methionine amino acid) for all polypeptides
47
Define reading frame
The part of mRNA that is translated It sets which groups of three nitrogenous bases are read together (ie how the codons are read)
48
Define anticodon
A nucleotide triplet which base-pairs wth a complementary codon on mRNA ex. mRNA codon GGC = anticodon CCG
49
What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
An enzyme that attaches the correct amino acids to tRNAs
50
What does charging the tRNA mean?
When an amino acid is put onto the tRNA it becomes charged
51
How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are there?
one for each amino acid = 20
52
What are ribosomes composed of?
two subunits made of proteins and rRNAs
53
What is the function of ribosomes?
to add each amino acid to the polypeptide chain
54
What form of RNA do ribosomes have binding sites for?
mRNA and tRNA
55
How many binding sites do ribosomes have for charged tRNA and what are they called?
3: EPA
56
Describe the P site
The peptidal binding site on ribosomes that holds charged tRNAs that carry the growing polypeptide chain
57
Describe the A site
The aminoacyl-tRNA binding site on ribosomes that holds tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
58
Describe the E site
the exit site on ribosomes where discharged tRNAs leave
59
What are the 3 steps of translation?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
60
What occurs during the initiation step of translation?
1. small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA at start codon 2. tRNA charged with methionine (AUG) binds to mRNA at P site 3. large ribosomal unit attaches this is all powered by the hydrolysis of GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)
61
What occurs during the elongation step of translation?
Amino acids are added one by one to the growing chain in a three step cycle 1. appropriately charged tRNA comes into A site and forms H-bond between codon and anticodon 2. peptide bond is formed between growing chain and incoming amino acid 3. polypeptide is transferred to tRNA in A site
62
What occurs during the translocation step of translation?
1. mRNA moves down three bases so that 2. tRNA that was in the P site moves to the E site where it is released 3. tRNA that was in A site is now in P site 4. next codon is now in A site
63
When does translation end?
When the stop codons are reached (UGA, UAA, UAG)
64
What occurs during the termination step of translation?
1. UAG, UAA, UGA are stop codons that do not code for an amino acid 2. when these codons reach the A site, release factor proteins bind to the stop codon 3. polypeptide is released by release factors 4. small and large ribosome subunits separate
65
Define release factors
Proteins in the termination stage of translation that bind to the stop codon by hydrolyzing the bond between the last amino acid and tRNA in the P site to release the polypeptide

BIO 1210 (16 decks)

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