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BIO 1210 > Cells & Organelles > Flashcards

Cells & Organelles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define cells

A

The smallest unit of life that contains all the characteristics of life

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2
Q

All cells must have which 4 things?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. DNA
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cytoplasm
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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are made of one or more cells
  2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
  3. Cells are the basic unit of life
  4. Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
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4
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Simple, small (1-10 micrometers) cells relative to eukaryotic cells that do not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Organisms in which Domains have prokaryotic cells?

A

Domain Archaea

Domain Bacteria

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6
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

Larger (10-100 micrometers), more complex cells than prokaryotic cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles with specific functions

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7
Q

Organisms in which domain have eukaryotic cells?

A 
Domain Eukarya 
(includes kingdom Protista, Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi)
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8
Q

Define organelles

A

Organelles are USUALLY membrane bound compartments where specific metabolic processes occur in eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

T or F: prokaryotic cells have only one kind of organelle

A

True

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10
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

Made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, the plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates movement of solutes in and out of cells due to its selective permeability

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11
Q

What are the three components of a plasma membrane?

A

Lipids (mostly phospholipids)
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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12
Q

Which organelles do eukaryotic animal cells contain?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. ribosomes
  3. lysosomes
  4. vesicles
  5. endoplasmic reticulum
  6. smooth ER
  7. rough ER
  8. golgi apparatus
  9. mitochondria
  10. centrosomes
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13
Q

Which organelles do eukaryotic plant cells contain?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. ribosomes
  3. central vacuole
  4. vesicles
  5. endoplasmic reticulum
  6. smooth ER
  7. rough ER
  8. golgi apparatus
  9. mitochondria
  10. chloroplasts
  11. cell walls
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14
Q

How do prokaryotic cells control what goes in or out of the cell?

A

they have internal membranes that increase surface area for reactions and control what goes in or out

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15
Q

Define nucleus

A

A double membrane bound organelle found only in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the genetic material of a cell.

It controls cell activity by directing protein synthesis

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16
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A

The porous double membrane that encloses the nucleus

It allows proteins, macromolecules and RNAs to transfer through

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17
Q

Define nucleolus (pl. nucleoli)

A

Where DNA is transcribed to make rRNA

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18
Q

Define ribosomes

A

Structures in a eukaryotic cell that are not membrane bound and conduct protein synthesis in two locations:

  1. Free ribosomes in the cytosol
  2. Bound ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER
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19
Q

What are the two locations where ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

A
  1. Free ribosomes in the cytosol

2. Bound ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER

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20
Q

Define endomembrane system and state which organelles are included

A

The many different phospholipid bilayers of the eukaryotic cell that are continuous with the nuclear envelop and include:

  1. vesicles
  2. endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. lysosomes (in animal cells)
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21
Q

Define vesicles

A

Membrane bound sacs that transport materials throughout the cell

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22
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum

A

A membranous network of sacs and tubes that is continuous with the nuclear envelope and can take two forms:

  1. Smooth
  2. Rough
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23
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum

A

A membranous network of sacs and tubes that is continuous with the nuclear envelope and can take two forms:

  1. Smooth
  2. Rough
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24
Q

Define smooth ER

A

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes attached

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25
Q

What are the 4 functions of the smooth ER?

A
  1. synthesizes lipids (steroids, oils, phospholipids)
  2. Carbohydrate metabolism
  3. stores calcium for muscle contractions
  4. detoxifies drugs (especially in liver cells)
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26
Q

Define rough ER

A

part of the endoplasmic reticulum that has bound ribosomes

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27
Q

What are the 2 functions of the rough ER?

A
  1. Synthesizes glycoproteins (proteins bound with sugars) for secretion in vesicles
  2. Synthesizes membrane proteins and phospholipids
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28
Q

Define Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened membranous sacs that are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

Transport vesicles travel to the GA after leaving the ER

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29
Q

What are 4 functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Can add carbohydrates
  2. Sorts proteins
  3. Ships materials in transport vesicles to other destinations
  4. Produces and secretes some macromolecules (like pectin)
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30
Q

Define lysosome and its functions

A

A membranous sac found only in animal cells that contains hydrolytic enzymes in a low pH fluid that are used to:

  1. digest macromolecules (intracellular digestion)
  2. Recycle cellular components (including organelles)
  3. Program cell deaths
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31
Q

Define central vacuole and its function

A

A membrane bound sac found only in plant cells that has hydrolytic abilities to:

  1. Store waste, water, and metabolic products
  2. Help cells grow by filling up with water and expanding
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32
Q

Define mitochondria (s. mitochondrion) and its function

A

A double membrane bound organelle that is the site of cellular respiration in cells

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33
Q

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion

A

Outer membrane surrounds organelle

Inner membrane is extensively folded into cristae containing enzymes to produce ATP

Matrix is inclosed by inner membrane which contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

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34
Q

What 3 things does the matrix of a mitochondrion contain?

A
  1. Mitochondrial DNA
  2. Ribosomes
  3. enzymes
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35
Q

T or F: DNA is ONLY found in the nucleus

A

FALSE

DNA is also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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36
Q

T or F: DNA is ONLY found in the nucleus

A

FALSE

DNA is also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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37
Q

Define chloroplasts

A

A triple membrane bound organelle found only in plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis

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38
Q

Define thylakoids

A

Stacked membranous sacs within chloroplast organelles that contain chlorophyll

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39
Q

Define a granum (pl. grana)

A

Stacks of the membranous sacs, thylakoids

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40
Q

Define stroma

A

The internal fluid surrounding thylakoids in a chloroplast organelle

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41
Q

What 3 components does the stroma contain?

A

DNA
Ribosomes
enzymes

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42
Q

Define cytoskeleton and its 4 functions

A

A network of fibres that extends throughout the cytoplasm to:

  1. provide mechanical support
  2. provide anchorage for organelles
  3. assist in cell movement
  4. involved in cell division
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43
Q

What are the 3 components of a cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfilaments
  3. intermediate filaments
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44
Q

Define centrosomes

A

Found only in animal cells

Where microtubules grow from and is considered to be the site of organizing microtubules

Contains 2 centrioles

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45
Q

How many centrioles does a centrosome contain?

A

2

1 mother and 1 daughter centriole from cell division

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46
Q

Define cell walls

A

The rigid structure that protects and supports plant, prokaryote, fungi, and some protist cells

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47
Q

T or F: only plants have cell walls

A

FALSE

prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists have cell walls too

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48
Q

T or F: Composition of cell walls depends on the taxa

A

TRUE

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49
Q

What are some examples of molecules that a cell wall can be composed of?

A

Chitin
Cellulose
Lignin
Silica

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50
Q

How many cell walls can plants have?

A

All plant cells have at least primary cell walls but some can have secondary cell walls too

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51
Q

Which organelle secretes the components to make cell walls?

A

The plasma membrane

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52
Q

Describe the primary cell wall

A

Thin, flexible, stretchy and made first by the cell

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53
Q

Describe the secondary cell wall

A

Thick and strong cell wall that some cells make between the cell membrane and the primary cell wall

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54
Q

What holds plant cells together?

A

The middle lamella

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55
Q

Define the middle lamella

A

A think layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that forms between the primary and secondary cell walls of cells

56
Q

Define intracellular connections

A

Neighbouring cells communicate and interact

57
Q

What method of intracellular connections do plant cells use?

A

Plasmodesmata (s. plasmodesma)

58
Q

Define plasmodesmata

A

Membrane lined channels through cell walls filled with cytoplasm for neighbouring plant cells to communicate and interact

59
Q

What 3 methods of intracellular connection do animal cells use?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
60
Q

Define tight junctions

A

A method of intracellular connection used by animal cells to bind neighbouring cells together to make tissues watertight

61
Q

Define desmosomes

A

A method of intracellular connection used by animal cells to fasten cells together against mechanical stress

62
Q

Define gap junctions

A

A method of intracellular connection used by animal cells to provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells to allow things to move between two cells

63
Q

Which form of animal intracellular connection is most like the method plants use?

A

Gap junctions in animal cells are most similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells

64
Q

What are the 2 kinds of microscopes?

A

light microscopes

electron microscopes

65
Q

Describe light microscopes

A

microscopes that transmit light through the sample

66
Q

T or F: the organisms/cells have to be dead for light microscopes

A

False, they can be alive

67
Q

Describe electron microscopes

A

microscopes that use beams of electrons and require the organism to be stained with heavy metals (and therefore be dead)

68
Q

What are the 2 kinds of electron microscopes?

A

Transition electron microscopes (TEM)

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

69
Q

How do TEM work?

A

transmit a beam of electrons through a thin sample

70
Q

How do SEM work?

A

take images of 3D surface of specimen

71
Q

Define membranes

A

the thin layer that forms an outer boundary of a living cell or cell compartment

72
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model/hypothesis?

A

describes how phospholipids and proteins are arranged in the membranes

73
Q

What substance makes the membranes fluid?

A

cholesterol

74
Q

T or F: membrane molecules are in motion

A

True

75
Q

What are proteins in a membrane immersed in?

A

the bilayer

76
Q

Describe how most lipids and some proteins move through the membrane?

A

they can move quickly through the plane of the membrane (2 micrometres/s)

77
Q

T or F: some membrane molecules can move transversely but this is uncommon

A

true

78
Q

In comparison to lipids, how quickly do proteins move?

A

slower because they’re larger molecules and are likely directed by motor proteins

79
Q

T or F: some protein molecules do not move at all. why/why not?

A

true because they are attached to the cytoskeleton or ECM

80
Q

Will unsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids (or both) remain fluid at lower temperatures? explain

A

Unsaturated fatty acids will remain fluid at lower temperatures because they contain double bonds

81
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in animals?

A

acts as a fluidity buffer

82
Q

How does cholesterol work as a fluidity buffer in animals?

A

at higher temperatures it makes the membrane less fluid

at lower temperatures, it makes the membrane more fluid

83
Q

Why is it important that membranes remain fluid?

A

without fluidity, the permeability of the membrane changes and enzymes may stop working

84
Q

Describe the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

STRUCTURE:
composed of GLYCOPROTEINS and other molecules that contain carbohydrates
- ex. collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin

FUNCTION: support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

85
Q

What kind of molecule will bind with the ECM? What is their function?

A

Integrins are receptor proteins on the cell’s surface that can bind with ECM to transmit information between the ECM and cytoskeleton

86
Q

What determines most of the membrane’s functions?

A

membrane proteins

87
Q

Describe integral proteins

A

Proteins that span the entire membrane (transmembrane) or go to at least into the hydrophobic region

they are amphipathic

88
Q

T or F: integrins can be integrals, but not all integrals are integrins

A

True

89
Q

Describe peripheral proteins

A

proteins that are bound to the surface of the membrane and attach to cytoskeleton, ECM, or integral proteins

90
Q

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. transport
  2. enzymatic activity
  3. signal transduction
  4. cell-cell recognition
  5. intercellular joining
  6. attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
91
Q

What are the 2 kinds of transport proteins in membranes?

A
  1. channel proteins: create channel for substances to cross the membrane
  2. carrier proteins: shuttle substances through the membrane
92
Q

How can proteins function in enzymatic activity?

A

active sites can be exposed to substances in solution

93
Q

How can proteins function in signal transduction?

A

signalling molecule can bind and change shape of protein, relaying messages to the inside of the cell

94
Q

How can proteins function in cell-cell recognition?

A

some GLYCOPROTEINS serve as ID tags that are recognized by proteins on other cells

95
Q

How do cells recognize other cells?

A

by binding to molecules on the ECM surface of the plasma membrane resulting in molecules that contain carbohydrates

96
Q

describe glycoprotein

A

molecules that are formed when cells covalently bond to PROTEIN molecules on the ECM surface of the plasma membrane

97
Q

describe glycolipid

A

molecules that are formed when cells covalently bond to LIPID molecules on the ECM surface of the plasma membrane

98
Q

How can proteins function in intercellular joining?

A

membrane proteins of adjacent cells can hook together

99
Q

How can proteins function in attaching to cytoskeleton and ECM?

A

microfilaments or other elements can bond with membrane proteins to stabilize the cell shape and locations of proteins

100
Q

T or F: membranes have sidedness

A

true

101
Q

How are molecules distributed throughout a membrane?

A

Asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and associated carbohydrates on the inside and outside of the membrane

102
Q

Describe electrochemical gradient

A

all cells have voltage across their membrane

the inside of a cell is more negative than the outside

voltage and concentration of ions moves them across membrane

103
Q

How does diffusion move ions in regards to their electrochemical gradient?

A

Ions move DOWN their electrochemical gradient

104
Q

What are the 6 ways molecules can cross a membrane?

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
  4. active transport
  5. electrogenic pump
  6. cotransport
105
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

the spontaneous, random movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low concentration

ie., solutes move DOWN their concentration gradients

106
Q

Simple diffusion moves what kind of solutes? Does it require input of energy?

A

small, non-polar solutes

no energy input required (ie., it’s passive)

107
Q

What are some examples of solutes that simple diffusion could work on?

A

CO2, oxygen, small hydrocarbons

108
Q

T or F: small polar solutes will move more slowly by simple diffusion

A

true like simple sugars or water

109
Q

Why does size and charge of a solute matter in terms of crossing a membrane?

A

because they must pass between the phospholipid molecules of the cell or organelle membrane

110
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

specific transport proteins help large and/or charged specific solutes cross a membrane DOWN their concentration gradient (high –> low)

ex. glucose, water, amino acids, K+

111
Q

Is facilitated diffusion passive or active? spontaneous or not?

A

Passive and spontaneous, no energy input is required

112
Q

Define osmosis

A

the movement of water via aquaporin (water transport protein) that moves water from

areas of high water concentration/low solute concentration to
low water concentration/high solute concentration

113
Q

Does osmosis require energy input?

A

no

114
Q

Describe aquaporins

A

channel proteins for water through a plasma membrane

115
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of a solute across a membrane from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH

ie, goes AGAINST their concentration gradient and REQUIRES ATP and a transport protein

116
Q

What 2 things are required for active transport?

A
  1. transport protein

2. ATP (energy)

117
Q

T or F: active transport can transport any kind of solute

A

FALSE. not water

118
Q

What is the purpose of active transport?

A

to allow a cell or organelle to maintain different concentrations of solutes from their surroundings
ex. simple sugars

119
Q

Define electrogenic pump

A

transport protein that generates the resting voltage potential across a membrane that is powered by ATP

120
Q

What is the function of an electrogenic pump?

A

to store energy that can be used for cellular work

121
Q

What is an example of an electrogenic pump?

A

the Na-K pump that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

122
Q

In the Na-K pump, how many ions leave and enter the cell to create the electrical gradient?

A

for every 3 Na+ leaving the cell, 2 K+ enter the cell

123
Q

Define cotransport and give an example

A

an ATP powered pump that transports a solute that can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes

ex. the gradient created by the H+ pump to drive transport of other substances into the cell

124
Q

Define solution, solute, and solvent

A

SOLUTION: a liquid mixture in which the solute(s) is(are) UNIFORMLY distributed

SOLUTE: the substance that is dissolved in the solution

SOLVENT: the substance in which the solute is dissolved in to form a solution

125
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

the region where the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

126
Q

Define bulk transport

A

The movement of large molecules through vesicles across membranes that requires ATP input

127
Q

What are the 2 kinds of bulk transport?

A
  1. exocytosis

2. endocytosis

128
Q

Define exocytosis

A

the secretion of macromolecules by fusion of transport vesicles with the plasma membrane

129
Q

Define endocytosis and list the 3 kinds

A

the intake of molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

  1. phagocytosis
  2. pinocytosis
  3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
130
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Intracellular digestion in which particles are engulfed in a food vacuole (can fuse with a lysosome)

a type of endocytosis

131
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

Droplets of extracellular fluid are taken into tiny vesicles to get the solutes in the fluid

a type of endocytosis

132
Q

Define receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Ligands (signals) bind to receptor molecules in coated pits and the pits then form a vesicle containing ligands

a type of endocytosis

133
Q

Which types of transport/movement across a membrane requires a transport protein?

A
  1. active
  2. facilitated
  3. electrogenic
  4. cotransport
  5. osmosis
134
Q

Which types of transport/movement across a membrane are passive?

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
135
Q

Which types of transport/movement across a membrane are active and require energy input?

A
  1. active transport
  2. electrogenic
  3. cotransport
136
Q

Which type of transport/movement across a membrane only applies to one specific substance?

A

osmosis to water

BIO 1210 (16 decks)

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