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BIO 1210 > Carbohydrates & Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates & Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Define polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked by covalent bonds

ie, a macromolecule

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2
Q

Define monomer

A

One of the repeating molecule units that builds macromolecules/polymers

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3
Q

Describe the process of synthesis

A

Dehydration removes water molecule to link the monomers in covalent bonds to form polymers

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4
Q

Describe the process of break down

A

Hydrolysis is the addition of water molecule to a polymer to break apart the covalent bonds and separate monomers

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5
Q

What process builds macromolecules/polymers?

A

Dehydration reactions connect monomers

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6
Q

What are the 3 common elements in carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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7
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

An organic compound used to store sugar and composed of multiple monosaccharides

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8
Q

What is the general equation for simple sugars?

A

CH2O

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9
Q

What functional groups do carbohydrates include?

A

multiple hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group (ketones and aldehydes)

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10
Q

Define monosaccharide and give an example

A

The simplest carbohydrates (simple sugars) from which more complex carbohydrates are built

They contain either 3, 5, or 6 Carbon atoms

ex. Glucose

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11
Q

What is name for the sugar if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain?

Give examples

A

Aldose

ex. glucose, ribose

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12
Q

What is name for the sugar if the carbonyl group is within the carbon chain?

Give examples

A

Ketose

ex. fructose

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13
Q

Define triose

Give 3 examples

A

A 3 Carbon sugar

ex. glucose, galactose, and fructose

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14
Q

Define pentose

A

A 5 carbon sugar

ex. ribose

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15
Q

Define hexose

A

A 6 carbon sugar

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16
Q

What are the 4 functions of carbohydrates?

A

Sources of energy
building blocks for other molecules
storage of energy
structural components

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17
Q

Define disaccharides

A

Sub units of carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds (aka glycosidic linkages) during a dehydration reaction

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18
Q

What is the name of the covalent bond that connects monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic linkage

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19
Q

Give two examples of disaccharides

A

ex. sucrose (glucose + fructose)

ex. lactose (glucose + galactose)

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20
Q

Define polysaccharides

A

macromolecules/polymers made up of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Some are used to store sugars

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21
Q

How do plants store glucose?

A

in long chains as STARCH in 2 mostly helical forms:

  1. amylose
  2. amylopectin
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22
Q

Define amylose. What kind of linkage does it have?

A

An unbranched form of starch that plants use to store glucose.

Alpha 1-4 linkage

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23
Q

Define amylopectin. What kind of linkage does it have?

A

A branched form of starch that plants use to store glucose

Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 linkages

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24
Q

How do animals store glucose?

A

As GLYCOGEN

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25
Q

Define glycogen. What kind of linkage does it have?

A

The extensively branched form of stored sugars/glucose in animals

1-4 and 1-6 linkages

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26
Q

How many days worth of sugars do humans have stored in muscle and liver cells?

A

About one days worth

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27
Q

What is an example of a structural polysaccharide?

A

Cellulose in plant cells

Chitin in arthropods

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28
Q

What kind of glucose linkage does cellulose have?

A

Beta with 1-4 linkages

29
Q

What structure will a beta glucose molecule have?

A

OH attached to carbon 1 above the plane of the molecule

30
Q

What structure will an alpha glucose molecule have?

A

OH attached to carbon 1 below the plane of the molecule

31
Q

Describe chitin (what kind of linkages)

A

A glucose containing compound that arthropods use to make their exoskeletons, also found in fungal cell walls

Has beta glucose with 1-4 linkages and also contains nitrogen

32
Q

Define lipids

A

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules that are not polymers but linked during dehydration reactions.
Lipids include:
fats and phospholipids

33
Q

What are 3 kinds of lipids?

A
  1. fats
  2. phospholipids
  3. steroids
34
Q

What are the 3 main functions of fats?

A

Fats are a lipid

Function in energy storage, protecting organs, and insulating body

35
Q

What are the two common elements that make up fats?

A

C-H (aka hydrocarbons)

36
Q

What are the 4 components of a fat?

A

3 fatty acid molecules are joined to a glycerol molecule by ester linkages

37
Q

Which 3 functional groups can be part of a fatty acid?

A

Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
Ester

Fatty acids can be the same 3 or different

38
Q

What are the 2 kinds of fats?

A
  1. Saturated

2. Unsaturated

39
Q

What are the 2 kinds of fatty acids?

A

Essential

Non-essential

40
Q

Define saturated fats

A

A type of lipid (fat) that contains fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbon chain possible

(ie, no double bonds)

41
Q

Are saturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature? Why?

A

Solid because they lack double bonds so they are more flexible and easier to pack down

42
Q

What is a natural source of saturated fats?

A

Animal fats

43
Q

Define unsaturated fats

A

A type of lipid (fat) that contains fatty acids with double bonds in the carbon chain, removing some of the hydrogens

44
Q

Are unsaturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature? why?

A

Liquid because they contain cis-double bonds and cannot pack together as closely

45
Q

What is a natural source of unsaturated fats?

A

Most plant and fish oils

46
Q

Define essential fatty acids. Give an example

A

Unsaturated fats that must be supplied by the diet because the human body cannot produce them

ex. Omega-3

47
Q

Define non-essential fatty acids

A

Saturated fats that are made by the human body

48
Q

Define phospholipids

A

A type of lipid that is composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

49
Q

Are phospholipids hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or amphipathic?

A

Amphipathic

The fatty acids are hydrophobic and the phosphate groups (and attachments) are hydrophilic

50
Q

Define micelle

A

The spherical structure formed by phospholipids with the phosphate head facing out and the fatty acid head facing inwards

51
Q

Define phospholipid bilayer

A

The layer that forms cell membranes that has the hydrophilic unsaturated fats/phosphate group on the outside and the hydrophobic saturated fats on the inside

52
Q

What is the name of the bond between lipid subunits?

A

Ester linkage

53
Q

Define ester linkage

A

A covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group to leave behind an ester

54
Q

Define steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon chain consisting of four fused rings

55
Q

How are steroids differentiated?

A

By the different chemical groups attached to the rings

56
Q

What are the 3 main functions of steroids?

A
  1. Cholesterol is a major steroid that is required for building and maintaining membranes
  2. Hormones can be made from cholesterol and help coordinate activities of the body
  3. Precursors to vertebrate sex hormones
57
Q

T or F: Lipids are polymers and considered macromolecules

A

False

58
Q

Define glycerol

A

An alcohol with each of the 3 carbons connected to a hydroxyl (OH) group

59
Q

Define fatty acid

A

A long carbon chain (16-18) with one end being a carboxyl group and the rest is hydrocarbons

60
Q

What is the result of an ester linkage?

A

A fat consisting of three fatty acids attached to one glycerol aka a triglyceride

61
Q

Why are phospholipids essential for cells?

A

They are major constituents of cell membranes

62
Q

Describe sucrose

A

A disaccharide formed by the glycosidic linkage of 1 glucose monomer and 1 fructose monomer

63
Q

Describe fructose

A

A hexose ketose monosaccharide

64
Q

Describe glucose

A

The most common monosaccharide. It contains a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups

65
Q

Describe lactose

A

the disaccharide sugar present in milk formed by the glycosidic linkage of one glucose monomer and one galactose monomer

66
Q

Describe starch

A

A polysaccharide composed of multiple glucose monomers. These glucose monomers can be formed in either amylose or amylopectin forms.

67
Q

Describe glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that animals store, made of a polymer of glucose like amylopectin but more extensively branched

68
Q

Where is glycogen usually stored in animals?

A

Liver and muscle cells

69
Q

What process releases glucose from starch or glycogen?

A

Hydrolysis of the glucose

BIO 1210 (16 decks)

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