Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 1210 > Mendelian Genetics: Monohybrid > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics: Monohybrid Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genotype

A

the nucleotide sequence for a trait in an organism

ex. Homozygous dominant (PP) and heterozygous (Pp) are different genotypes, even though they might appear the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define phenotype

A

The physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by genetic makeup

ex. homozygous dominant (PP) and heterozygous (Pp) look the same = have the same phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain what test crosses are for and how they work

A

Breeding an organism with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype of the original organism,

The ratios of the phenotypes of the offspring reveal the unknown genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organism did Mendel conduct his studies on?

A

Pea plant flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define hybridization

A

the process of crossing two true-breeding varieties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T or F: Mendel’s crosses showed the blended model was correct

A

FALSE. He showed it was wrong.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Mendel’s famous ratio?

A

3:1

3 Purple: 3 white flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define allele

A

variations of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define true-breeding

A

organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the P generation represent?

A

The true-breeding parental generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the F1 generation represent?

A

The hybrid offspring of the parental generation

1st Filial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the F2 generation represent?

A

the offspring of the F1 generation from self-pollination

2nd Filial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the table used to determine the combinations of genetics?/to solve genetic problems?

A

Punnett Square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the blended model of inheritance?

A

The model of inheritance that was commonly accepted before Mendel’s model.

Stated that the F1 hybrid from a cross between purple flowers and white flowers would have pale purple flowers (an intermediate trait between those of the parental generation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define homozygous

A

An organism that has two copies of the same allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two kinds of homozygous combinations?

A

Homozygous dominant (ex. PP)

Homozygous recessive (ex. pp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define heterozygous

A

An organism that has two different alleles for the same given gene

ex. Pp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define heterozygous

A

An organism that has two different alleles for the same, given gene

ex. Pp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are examples of human traits controlled by recessive genes?

A
  • attached earlobes
  • albinism
  • cystic fibrosis
  • sickle cell disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are examples of human traits controlled by dominant genes?

A
  • Achondroplasia
  • Widow’s peak
  • Huntington’s disease
  • polydactyly
21
Q

Define Punnett Square

A

a diagram used to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotypes

22
Q

Define Punnett Square

A

a diagram used to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotypes

23
Q

Explain the Law of Segregation

A

The 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

24
Q

What were the results for Mendel’s experiment for each generation?

A

Parental: 1 purple crossed with 1 white (both true breeding)

F1: Purple flowers

F2: 3 purple: 1 white

25
Q

In Mendel’s experiment, which was the dominant allele/trait and which recessive?

A

Dominant: purple flower
Recessive: white flower

26
Q

What are the 4 concepts included in Mendel’s model to explain the 3:1 inheritance?

A
  1. alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variations in inherited characters
  2. for each character, an organism inherits 2 copies (2 alleles of a gene, one from each parent
  3. if the 2 alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism’s appearance; the recessive allele has no noticeable effect on appearance
  4. the law of segregation: the 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
27
Q

What are the 4 concepts included in Mendel’s model to explain the 3:1 inheritance?

A
  1. alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variations in inherited characters
  2. for each character, an organism inherits 2 copies (2 alleles of a gene, one from each parent
  3. if the 2 alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism’s appearance; the recessive allele has no noticeable effect on appearance
  4. the law of segregation: the 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
28
Q

State and explain the first concept of Mendel’s model

A

Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variations in inheritable characters

The DNA at the locus (gene), can vary slightly in its nucleotide sequence, resulting in two different alleles at the same locus.

In Mendel’s experiment, the purple flower allele and the white flower allele are two DNA sequence variations possible at the flower colour locus on one of a pea plant’s chromosomes

29
Q

State and explain the first concept of Mendel’s model

A

Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variations in inheritable characters

The DNA at the locus (gene), can vary slightly in its nucleotide sequence, resulting in two different alleles at the same locus.

In Mendel’s experiment, the purple flower allele and the white flower allele are two DNA sequence variations possible at the flower colour locus on one of a pea plant’s chromosomes

30
Q

State and explain the second concept of Mendel’s model

A

For each character, an organism inherits two copies of a gene (ie, two alleles), one from each parent.

Each somatic cell in a diploid organism has 2 sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father so a genetic locus is represented twice in a diploid cell - once on each homologue of a specific pair of chromosomes

the two alleles at a particular locus might be identical (as in the true-breeding P plants) or they can differ (as in the F1 hybrid plants)

31
Q

State and explain the second concept of Mendel’s model

A

For each character, an organism inherits two copies of a gene (ie, two alleles), one from each parent.

Each somatic cell in a diploid organism has 2 sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father so a genetic locus is represented twice in a diploid cell - once on each homologue of a specific pair of chromosomes

the two alleles at a particular locus might be identical (as in the true-breeding P plants) or they can differ (as in the F1 hybrid plants)

32
Q

State and explain the third concept of Mendel’s model

A

If the two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant one will determine the organism’s appearance and the recessive one will be hidden

In Mendel’s experiment, the F1 hybrid plants all displayed the dominant allele and presented a purple flower.

33
Q

State and explain the fourth concept of Mendel’s model

A

the law of segregation: the two alleles for a heritable character separate from each other during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

So an egg or a sperm only gets one of the two alleles that are present in the somatic cells of the organism making the gamete during meiosis

If the alleles are identical, then 100% of the gametes get that allele

if the allele differs on the homologous chromosomes, then 50% of the gametes receive the dominant allele and 50% of the gametes receive the recessive allele

34
Q

Define monohybrid

A

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a SINGLE gene of interest

All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrid

ex. parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa

35
Q

Define monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant)

36
Q

Define monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant)

37
Q

What is the probability scale

A

0-1

0 = 0% chance of an event occurring (an event is certain not to occur)

1 = 100% chance of an event occurring (an event is certain to occur)

38
Q

Are genetic probabilities dependent or independent events?

A

INDEPENDENT

The results of a previous offspring will not have an effect on the next offspring

39
Q

Explain what the multiplication rules of probability are used for and how they work

A

Used to determine the probability of two or more events happening

Ie, calculate probability of x AND y occurring

Multiple the probabilities of 2 or more independent events

40
Q

Explain what the addition rules of probability are used for and how they work

A

Used to determine the probability of any one of two or more events occurring

Ie, calculating probability of x OR y occurring

Add the probabilities of 2 or more independent events

41
Q

What is the probability of getting a heterozygous offspring from a monohybrid cross?

A

Monohybrid = Pp x Pp
- can get dominant OR recessive allele from either parent so it can happen in two independent ways:

Probability of heterozygote with dominant allele from father = 1/4

Probability of heterozygote with dominant allele from mother = 1/4

1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2

42
Q

What is the probability of getting a heterozygous offspring from a monohybrid cross?

A

Monohybrid = Pp x Pp
- can get dominant OR recessive allele from either parent so it can happen in two independent ways:

Probability of heterozygote with dominant allele from father = 1/4

Probability of heterozygote with dominant allele from mother = 1/4

1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2

43
Q

A cross between a black guinea pig and a white guinea pig results in F1 that are all black and F2 with 3:1 black: white ratio.

List and discuss the conditions required to give these results

A

The trait (colour) is controlled by one gene

Black is the dominant allele and white is recessive

Black guinea pig must be homozygous dominant (BB) or all the F1 wouldn’t be black

White guinea pig must be homozygous recessive (WW) or it wouldn’t be white

44
Q

A cross between a black guinea pig and a white guinea pig results in F1 that are all black and F2 with 3:1 black: white ratio.

List and discuss the conditions required to give these results

A

The trait (colour) is controlled by one gene

Black is the dominant allele and white is recessive

Black guinea pig must be homozygous dominant (BB) or all the F1 wouldn’t be black

White guinea pig must be homozygous recessive (WW) or it wouldn’t be white

45
Q

Explain why phenotypically identical or at least very similar parents may produce very different kinds of offspring

A

Because genotypes can differ even if phenotypes do not.

A parent’s genotype can be heterozygous (Pp) and the other can be homozygous dominant (PP) and they will produce the same phenotypes

46
Q

Explain why, in humans, many recessive traits (like albinism or blue eyes) ‘skip’ generations while dominant traits (like polydactyly) do not

A

Dominant traits will be present in every generation because they are dominant.

If an organism with the recessive genes mates with another organism that has dominant genes, the recessive genes will be hidden (so they do not appear in every generation)

47
Q

Define character

A

an observable heritable feature that can vary between individuals

48
Q

Define trait and give an example

A

Detectable variants in a genetic character

ex. hair colour, blood type

BIO 1210 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions