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Biology 12 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA processes

A

Insulin

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2
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

A

Termination

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3
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene

A

Deletion

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4
Q

___ bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule

A

Hydrogen

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5
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA is a _______-stranded molecule

A

Single

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6
Q

The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule

A

Transcription

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7
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule

A

Double helix

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8
Q

Something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species (e.g. a virus)

A

Vector

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9
Q

Any factor which causes a mutation is called a _____

A

Mutagen

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10
Q

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

A

Substitution

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11
Q

DNA and RNA are both types of _____ _____

A

Nucleic acids

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12
Q

If a DNA strand read GATGGCTCA, the complementary DNA strand would read:

A

CTACCGAGT

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13
Q

This type of RNA is used in the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

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14
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

Replication

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15
Q

The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal unit is called _____

A

Initiation

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16
Q

DNA is found in the _____ of eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time - this unit is called a _____

A

Polysome

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18
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

A

Purine

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20
Q

Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

A

Histones

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21
Q

The enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication

A

Helicase

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22
Q

A DNA subunit made up of three components

A

Nucleotide

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23
Q

The three letter sequence on tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

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24
Q

This type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

25
Q

Chromosomal ______ occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed

A

Deletions

26
Q

A change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule

A

Mutation

27
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of a chromosome is “flipped”

A

Inversion

28
Q

Proteins are made up of chains of _____ _____ strung together

A

Amino acids

29
Q

This type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes

A

mRNA

30
Q

DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a _____

A

Polymer

31
Q

Replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a _____-_______ process because each daughter strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA”

A

Semi-conservative

32
Q

The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called:

A

Translation

33
Q

UV light and X rays are examples of ______ mutagens

A

Radiation

34
Q

A _____ mutation affects only one gene

A

Gene

35
Q

HPV is an example of a _____ mutagen

A

Viral

36
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

A

Addition

37
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

A

Translocation

38
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in DNA called:

A

Uracil

39
Q

A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

Pyrimidine

40
Q

Completed proteins are sent to the _____ _____ for final processing and packaging

A

Golgi apparatus

41
Q

Benzene and dioxins are examples of _____ mutagens

A

Chemical

42
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself

A

Duplication

43
Q

A mutagen that causes cancer is called a _____

A

Carcinogen

44
Q

_____ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development

A

Germinal

45
Q

____ bonds form between adjoining amino acids

A

Peptide

46
Q

The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyramidine bases according to _____’s rule

A

Chargaff

47
Q

_____ base pairing means that only A will pair with T and only G will pair with C

A

Complementary

48
Q

The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ______ ______ to enter the ribosome

A

Release factor

49
Q

A small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species

A

Plasmid

50
Q

A _____ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered

A

Chromosomal

51
Q

Addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a _____ _____ where all codons downstream of the mutation are altered

A

Frame shift

52
Q

The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

A

DNA polymerase

53
Q

The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called:

A

Elongation

54
Q

If the DNA strand read GATCCTAA, the mRNA strand transcribed from it would read:

A

CUAGGAUU

55
Q

Strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphates to form the backbone of the molecule

A

Covalent

56
Q

The three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

A

Codon

57
Q

____ mutations occur in cells after birth

A

Somatic

58
Q

During transcription, the ____ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule

A

Sense

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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