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Understanding groups and individuals > Prosocial Behaviour > Flashcards

Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Behaviour that has positive social consequences and
contributes to the physical or psychological well-being
of another person. Voluntary and has the intention of helping others.

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2
Q

What is helping behaviour?

A

Intentional and benefits another living being in a group

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3
Q

What are the 4 motives for helping?

A

Egoism, altruism, collectivism, principlism

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4
Q

What is egoism?

A

Helping secure social and self-reward and escape punishment

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5
Q

What is principlism?

A

Moral principles

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6
Q

What is altruism?

A

An act that benefits another rather than oneself

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7
Q

What are the personal, social and situational factors when people help?

A

Empathy based altruism, the nature of the need, the perception of the victim, the mood, competence

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8
Q

What is empathy based altruism?

A

Motivated by an emotional response to someone’s distress

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9
Q

What is the nature of the need?

A

More likely to help if the perceived need is clear, unambiguous, legitimate and uncontrollable

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10
Q

What is the perception of the victim?

A

We are more likely to help if the victim is similar to you

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11
Q

How does mood effect prosocial?

A

We are more likely to help if you are in a good mood or need an external influence to make you feel good

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12
Q

Why are people in bad mood less likely to show prosocial behaviour?

A

Concentration on themselves and their problems and less on others

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13
Q

What are the personal, social, situational factors when people do not help?

A

Diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, social influence

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14
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Believing someone else would help to reduce the feelings of responsibility

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15
Q

What is audience inhibition?

A

Not helping due to fear of looking foolish or incompetent in front of others

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16
Q

What is social influence?

A

We are less likely to help if other onlookers seem unfazed by the situation

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17
Q

What are examples of personal factors?

A

Feelings of guilt, considering one’s self a helpful person, feeling in control, feeling like the leader of a group, gender

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18
Q

What are the gender differences?

A

Males are more helpful to woman but woman show more empathy

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19
Q

What does being leader cause in prosocial behaviour?

A

Acts as a cue for responsibility, less diffusion of responsibility

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20
Q

Who looked at personality according to prosocial behaviour?

A

Caprara, Alessandri and Eisenberg

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21
Q

What did Caprara, Alessandri and Eisenberg find?

A

People who score high on attributes of agreeableness and empathetic self-efficacy are more prosocial

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22
Q

What physical characteristics are more likely to be helpful?

A

Physically stronger, taller, heavier

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23
Q

What attachment style is more prosocial?

A

Secure

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24
Q

What are examples of situational factors?

A

The number of other bystanders, the rural vs city location, the scrooge effect

25
Q

What is the scrooge effect?

A

Mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behaviour

26
Q

Who looked at rural vs city location?

A

Christensen & Fierst (1998

27
Q

What did Christensen and Fierst find?

A

More prosocial behaviour in rural communities than cities

28
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

People are less likely to help when with others

29
Q

Who did an experiment on the bystander effect?

A

Latane

30
Q

What did Latane find?

A

70% of helping when alone and 40% in pairs when male pps see a woman in a room struggling to open filing cabinet and a loud crash and cry

31
Q

What are the complications of the bystander effect?

A

The effect depends on the nature of the group, the relationship with the victim, the seriousness of the situation

32
Q

How does the bystander effect depends on the nature of the group?

A

Reduced for connected groups

33
Q

How does the bystander effect depend on the relationship with the victim?

A

Reduced for kinship

34
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Cooperator are biased to skin for the propagation of fenes

35
Q

What is a communicative gene?

A

A gene for emotional signals to maintain social bonds and increase possibility for prosocial behaviour

36
Q

How does the bystander effect depend on the seriousness of the situation?

A

Reduced for the high risk situations

37
Q

What are evolutionary accounts for helping people?

A

We are more likely to help those related to us (survival of kin) and the young than the old. But we are more likely to help the sick and the poor

38
Q

What is reciprocal altruism in the evolutionary account?

A

Helping because this person may help you in the future

39
Q

What do the costs have to be in reciprocal altruism?

A

The costs for the helper must be lower than the benefits for the recipient

40
Q

What are the direct social accounts for prosocial behaviour?

A

Instructions and reinforcements

41
Q

What is the indirect social account for prosocial behaviour?

A

Vicarious learning

42
Q

What is the reciprocity norm?

A

Helping due to past actions

43
Q

What is the social responsibility norm?

A

Helping those in need

44
Q

What is self-attribution?

A

Internalising helpful behaviour, used as a guide for future situations

45
Q

What is victim attribution?

A

Judging whether the victim deserved their fate

46
Q

What is the belief in victim attribution?

A

Need to belief that the world is fair and just (Lerner & Miller, 1978, the just world hypothesis)

47
Q

What does helping depend on in victim attribution?

A

On the belief that victim is a special case and the need is temporary or persisting

48
Q

What does empathy require?

A

Perspective taking to experience the world from another’s view

49
Q

What is the process for empathy?

A

Recognising others’ emotional state, arousal response in the self (affect sharing), attribution of the state to the others, empathetic response, prosocial behaviour

50
Q

What is the process when there is a lack of empathy?

A

Recognising others’ emotional state, arousal response in the self (affect sharing), misattribution of the state, personal distress, withdrawal

51
Q

What is the bystander-calculus model?

A

When we help as the benefits outweigh the costs

52
Q

What is the process for the bystander-calculus model?

A

Physiological arousal from others’ distress, labelling of arousal (an emotion), evaluating consequence of helping or not helping (time, effort e.g), helping and not helping carrying costs

53
Q

What are the 2 carrying costs in the bystander-calculus model?

A

Empathetic cost: empathetic response
Personal cost: feeling ashamed e.g.

54
Q

What is the method for Batson et al (1981)?

A

Designed an experiment where participants watched an undergrad receive electric shocks, they decide whether to receive the remaining shocks themselves, undergrad were either similar (high empathy) or dissimilar (low empathy), they could leave or were made to leave

55
Q

What were the findings for Batson et al?

A

When empathy was high (high similarity) the ease of escape had little effect. When empathy was low people only took shocks when it was difficult to escape

56
Q

What are the elements of an emergency within the Latane and Darley’s cognitive model?

A

Danger for the person or the property , unusual, rare
differ in nature, not foreseen, requires instant action

57
Q

What occurs in Latane & Darley’s cognitive model?

A

An emergency, attend to event, interpret the event as an emergency, assume responsibility, decide what to do (give help), then they help

58
Q

What does Latane and Darley’s cognitive model involve?

A

Uncertainty, ambiguity and a lack of structure so we look to others for guidance

59
Q

What are the risks of receiving help? (Nadler & Fisher, 2016)

A

Threatens self-esteem, gratitude expected, admitting vulnerability on others, feelings of inferiority, pressure to reciprocate

Understanding groups and individuals (9 decks)

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