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Understanding groups and individuals > Conformity > Flashcards

Conformity Flashcards

1
Q

What does conformity mean?

A

Change in beliefs, opinions, and behaviours as a result of explicit or implicit pressure (real or imagined) from others

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2
Q

What does Sherif argue about the influence of norms?

A

People use behaviour of others to establish a frame of reference

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3
Q

What is a frame of reference?

A

Positions on attitudinal dimensions that people use in specific contexts

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4
Q

What is conformity bias?

A

The tendency to treat group influence as a one way process where people always conform to majorities

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5
Q

What is compliance?

A

Responding favourably to an explicit request by another person

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6
Q

What is obedience?

A

In an unequal power
relationship, submitting to
the demands of the person in authority

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7
Q

How may we diminish responsibility towards obedience?

A

Agentic state

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8
Q

What are the different types of conformity?

A

Automatic mimicry, information social influence, normative social influence

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9
Q

What is automatic mimicry?

A

Beliefs/behaviours become similar to others around us in a spontaneous and automatic sense without any obvious intent of one person to change the other

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10
Q

Who looked at automatic mimicry?

A

Chartrand and Van Baaren

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11
Q

What is the procedure of Chartrand & van Baaren?

A

Participants has 2 10 minute sessions with a confederate, rubbed his or her face or continuously shook his or her foot and the participants were videotapes

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12
Q

What were the findings from Chartrand & Van Baaren?

A

Participants mimicked behaviour of confederate, the participants did not consciously notice the behaviour of the confederate

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13
Q

Why does mimicry occur?

A

Due to ideomotor action and establishing a good interaction

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14
Q

What is ideomotor action?

A

When merely thinking about the behaviour makes performing it more likely (James, 1890)

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15
Q

What is examples of establishing a good interaction?

A

People prefer those who mimic actions even when unaware that mimicking is taking place (Chartrand and Bargh), people who have been mimicked are more prosocial (van Baaren et al)

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16
Q

What was the aim for Sherif’s autokinetic effect experiment?

A

Demostrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in unambiguous situation

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17
Q

What was the method for Sherif’s autokinetic effect?

A

Visual illusion where the absense of reference points makes a stationary light appear to move. There was a number of trials and they estimated how much the light moved, they were tested alone and in a group across several days

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18
Q

What were the findings for Sherif’s autokinetic effect experiment

A

When participants started with a personal norm but in group converged on a group norm.
Participants converged on a group norm and alone used the group norm as a personal guide

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19
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

Change in opinions/behaviour when we conform to people who we believe have accurate info, heightened in situations of uncertainty

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20
Q

What is referent informational influence?

A

Pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member

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21
Q

What is the descriptive norm?

A

The perception of what most people do in a given situation

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22
Q

Who looked at descriptive norm?

A

Cialdini et al, 1990

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23
Q

What is misperceived norms?

A

Sometimes we may misperceive norms when deciding how to behave

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24
Q

Who looked at misperceived norms?

A

Neighbors et al, 2007, 2009

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25
Q

What is the procedure of Neighbors et al?

A

Students overestimate descriptive norm for student
drinking → predicts how much one personally drinks. Providing accurate information regarding drinking
behaviour reduces consumption

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26
Q

What is the method for Asch’s conformity experiment?

A

Male college students, matching a single line to another line of the same length, confederates instructed on some trials to all provide the same incorrect answer

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27
Q

What were the findings for Asch’s experiment?

A

75% gave at least one incorrect response when it was their turn. 37% of the overall responses were conforming

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28
Q

Why did the participants conform in Asch’s experiment?

A

Uncertainty, self doubt, avoidance of ridicule

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29
Q

Why might participants not conform in Asch’s experiment?

A

Some felt confident in their judgement and some felt emotionally affected by guided by a belief in individualism

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30
Q

What is the modified Asch’s experiment? (Deutsch & Gerald)

A

Face to face, face to face and group goal, private and anonymous and the uncertainty manipulation

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31
Q

What occurred in the face to face experiment?

A

3 confederates who make incorrect judgments

32
Q

What is face to face and group goal?

A

Provided explicit group goal to be as accurate as possible

33
Q

What occurred in private and anonymous?

A

Isolated in a cubicle and answer privately, the lights flashed to display the answer of confederates

34
Q

What occurred in the uncertainty manipulation?

A

Half the participants respond while the stimuli was present and half responded when the stimuli is removed

35
Q

What were the findings in the modified Asch experiment? (Deutsch & Gerald)

A

Decreasing uncertainty and decreasing group pressure reduced conformity. People still conformed 23% even when the uncertainty was low and responses were private and anonymous

36
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

When we conform to avoid disapproval and other social sanctions

37
Q

What happens when normative social influence occurs?

A

We conform to injunctive norms

38
Q

What is injunctive norms?

A

Socially accepted beliefs about what we do in particular contexts

39
Q

What is the change in NSI?

A

Superficial no change to private opinion

40
Q

What is the change in ISI?

A

Involves real opinion change as we believe what others say and internalise it

41
Q

What are the three situational factors that affect conformity?

A

Group size, group unanimity, expertise and status

42
Q

What happens to conformity when group size increases?

A

Conformity increases both informational and normative but diminishes as the group grows larger

43
Q

Why does group size effect conformity?

A

More people express an opinion it seems more valid

44
Q

What happens with group unanimity?

A

The presence of an ally weakens information and normative social influence

45
Q

What is expertise effect?

A

Informational social influence as they believe they have the correct info

46
Q

What is status effect?

A

Normative social influence as we care what others think

47
Q

What are the three social influence modalities defining how we respond to social conflict?

A

Conformity, normalisation and innovation

48
Q

What is normalisation?

A

Mutual compromise to convergence

49
Q

What is innovation?

A

Minority creases conflict to persuade the majority

50
Q

What is the genetic model of social change?

A

The dynamic social fonclit can cause social change

51
Q

What is majority influence?

A

When the beliefs, attitudes and values held by a larger number of people in a social group prevail

52
Q

How does the majority produce direct public compliance?

A

Normative or informational dependence and a comparison process occurs

53
Q

What is conversion theory?

A

How the majority will process the minority message

54
Q

What is evidence for the conversion theory?

A

Direction of attention (minority focuses on message), context of thinking hypothesis (majority has a superficial examination and minority has a detailed evaluation)

55
Q

What is the conversion effect?

A

When the minority brings a sudden internal and private change in majority attitudes

56
Q

What is the convergent-divergent theory?

A

When people share attitudes with the majority when the majority finds out that their attitudes are in disagreement of the majority the discovery is surprising and stressful

57
Q

What does the convergent-divergent theory lead to?

A

Self protective narrowing and focus of attention, producing convergent thinking and inhibiting others’ view

58
Q

What is minority influence?

A

When the belief held by the smaller number of individuals in the current social group prevails

59
Q

What process is minority influence?

A

Attribution process

60
Q

When is the minority influential?

A

If they aren’t categorised as the outgroup by the majority

61
Q

How can the minority be established as the ingroup?

A

Establishing legitimate ingroup credentials and draw attention to the minority viewpoint

62
Q

What is the leniency contract?

A

Majority assuming the minority is the ingroup as they won’t destroy core attitudes and the majority is more open minded

63
Q

What was the Moscovici et al study?

A

36 blue slides and had to state the colour out loud, minority group of confederates and the majority were the participants

64
Q

What were the confederates groups in Moscovici et al?

A

Consistent-minority condition: gave unusual response (green) on every trial.
Inconsistent-minority condition: gave the unusual response (green) on 2/3 of the trials

65
Q

What were the findings of the Moscovici et al study?

A

Presence of a consistent minority influence causes 32% of participants said green as least once and 18% of the responses overall said green

66
Q

How can minorities influence majorities?

A

When they give consistent unanimous responses

67
Q

What can minorities produce?

A

Strong and lasting attitude change as they conform to minorities as they think they are right

68
Q

What do minority groups lead to majority doing?

A

Fuller, divergent and creative thinking about topics

69
Q

When is the minority influence strongest?

A

When it is consistent, not rigid or inflexible

70
Q

What is the procedure for Nemeth & Brilmayer (1987)?

A

Compensation for ski lift injury, participants matched with other participants who indicated similar level of payout. Groups of 4 with 1 confederate who either: remain consistent with opinion throughout ($50k), compromise early (50 to 100) or compromise late (50 to 100). After deliberately they were asked in private to indicate compensation

71
Q

What were the findings of Nemeth & Brilmayer (1987)?

A

Both early and late compromise were effective at inducing public concession. Consistent/late compromise were effective at inducing private change

72
Q

What individual differences can effect conformity?

A

Low self esteem, high need for social approval, low IQ, high anxiety, feelings of inferiority

73
Q

What did Bond and Smith (1966) find with cultural differences?

A

They analysed 133 studies that had used the Asch line judging taks in 17 different countries. Conformity was greater in collectivistic than individualistic

74
Q

What is psychological reactance?

A

When ability to choose behaviour to engage is eliminated we lose a sense of freedom, so it can increase resistance to conformity

75
Q

What is reactance?

A

A motivational state that resists social influence (Brehm, 1966)

76
Q

What was the method for Pennebaker and Sanders with psychological reactance?

A

Toilet stalls with different signs ‘Do Not write on the walls’ and ‘Please do not write on the walls’

77
Q

What was the findings for Pennebaker and Sanders with psychological reactance?

A

There was more graffiti on the first sign than the second

Understanding groups and individuals (9 decks)

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