Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Understanding groups and individuals > Attitudes > Flashcards

Attitudes Flashcards

1
Q

What are attitudes?

A

A mental state of readiness that exerts influence on individuals response to object and situations to which it is related (Allport, 1935)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of attitudes?

A

Thought, feeling and action: affective, behavioural and cognitive components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the affect of attitudes?

A

Done to evaluate an unfamiliar person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is subliminal exposure?

A

Affect-arousing image prior to seeing pictures of a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who looked at subliminal exposure?

A

Krosnick et al., (1992)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cognition of attitudes?

A

Stereotypes that will reflect the beliefs of a social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Riek et al, 2006 find out from cognitions?

A

Negative stereotypes are a predictor of prejudicial attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who looked at behaviour and attitudes?

A

Brinol & Petty (2003)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Brinol and Petty do?

A

Asked to evaluate new headphones
when performing various movements
Up-down motion (nodding head) vs.
side-to-side motion (shaking head)
while listening to arguments through
headphones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Brinol and Petty find?

A

More likely to agree when participants
nodded vs. shook head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two attitude structures?

A

One dimension and two dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who looked at attitudes and their structures?

A

MacDonald and Zanna 1998

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the procedure of MacDonald and Zanna

A

Participant feminist attitudes –
ambivalent vs. non-ambivalent. Primed to think about positive agentic or negative interpersonal qualities of feminists. Rated job application from a
feminist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were the findings from MacDonald and Zanna?

A

There is an increased likelihood of being hired whether ambivalent or not, when there is positive priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of attitudes?

A

Knowledge= providing meaningful realities
Instrumental= maximising rewards and minimising punishments
Ego defence= protection one’s self-esteem
Value expressve= express one’s identity and core values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 direct ways to measure attitudes?

A

Thurstone’s scale of equal appearing intervals, Guttman’s scalogram, Osgood’s semantic differential, Likert’s methodof summated ratings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the procedure of the Thurstone scale?

A

Generating 100 statements ranging in intensity, judges order statements into 11 categories denoting in intensity, 2 statements from each category used that have high inter-judge agreement, administer 22 statements in an agree/disagree format, average sum of agreed statements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the procedure of the Guttman’s scale

A

Statements arranged in a hierarchy where there is an agreement with statement implying approval of prior statements
Measures a single, unidimensional trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the procedure of Osgood’s semantic differential?

A

Does not measure opinions but evaluations of objects/person on a set of semantic scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the likert scale?

A

Statements that respondents indicate their strength of agreement/disagreement using a scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the strengths of the likert scale?

A

Convenient and easy to administer, provides standardised measure that can produce scores that
can be compared, can have a range of positive and negative statements
(acquiescence bias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the limitations of a likert scale?

A

Can force people to agree/disagree with ideas that may not correspond with how they see things, acquiescence bias, social desirability

23
Q

What are the indirect measures of attitudes?

A

Physiological measures and implicit association test

24
Q

What is the procedure of physiological measures?

A

Comparison of physiological reading taken in the presence of a neutral
object, with one taken in the
presence of the attitude
object

25
Q

What are the problems of physiological measures?

A

Sensitivity to variables other than attitudes and denotes intensity but not direction

26
Q

What is the procedure of implicit association test?

A

Implicit attitudes correlate with explicit measures. Implicit attitudes will have a stronger predictive validity in socially sensitive domains

27
Q

What did Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975, say about attitude formation?

A

Attitudes are learned rather than innate: socialisation process

28
Q

What are the 5 ways attitudes are formed?

A

Mere exposure effect, classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, social learning theory, self-perception theory

29
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

That repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object

30
Q

What did Zajonc, 1968, find in mere exposure effect?

A

Repeated exposure to an object results
in greater attraction to that object

31
Q

What did Moreland & Beach , 1992 find in the mere exposure effect?

A

Confederate women who attended classes more often evaluated more positively

32
Q

What did Bornstein, 1989, in the mere exposure effect?

A

Repeated exposure diminishes effect, 10 exposures

33
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Repeated association of a formerly neutral stimulus
can elicit a reaction that was previously elicited by another stimulus (Staats, 1957)

34
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

A stimulus will become more or less likely when it is paired with a stimulus that is positive or negative

35
Q

What did Kimble, 1961, find with instrumental conditioning?

A

Responses which yield positive outcomes or eliminate negative outcomes are strengthened

36
Q

What did Rushman and Teachman, 1978 find with instrumental conditioning?

A

Reinforcement influences child prosocial behaviour

37
Q

How can instrumental conditioning be accelerated or slowed?

A

The frequency, temporal spacing and magnitude of the reinforcement

38
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Attitude formation is a social learning process. It can occur indirectly. Observation of the outcomes of others’ behaviour

39
Q

Who found the self-perception theory?

A

Bem, 1972

40
Q

What is the self-perception theory?

A

Our attitudes are informed by our behaviour and making internal attributions for that behaviour

41
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

When the number of related effects increases and it becomes an attitude

42
Q

When do attitudes predict behaviour

A

Action of behaviour being performed, target of the behaviour, the context in which it is performed, the time frame in which the behaviour is performed

43
Q

Who looked at when attitudes predict behaviour?

A

La Piere, 1934

44
Q

What is the aim and procedure of La Piere, 1934?

A

Looked at the difference in prejudiced attitude and
discriminatory behaviour with a mixed-race group of diners

45
Q

What were the findings of La Piere?

A

249/250 allowed the group in and
served them. 90% indicated that they would decline
the booking

46
Q

Who looked at the role of self-monitoring on attitudes?

A

Snyder & Kendzierski, 1982)

47
Q

What did Snyder and Kendzierski, 1982, find?

A

Low self-monitors have higher attitude-behaviour

48
Q

What happens when the attitude is stronger?

A

The more likely it is accessible and is more important to us

49
Q

Who looked at the theory of reasoned action?

A

Fishbein and Ajzen, 1974

50
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action?

A

People’s behaviour is dependent on their intentions

51
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action informed by?

A

Subjective norms (other people’s beliefs about the behaviour and motivation to comply) and attitudes towards the behaviour (beliefs about the behaviour and the evaluation of the outcome)

52
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Predicting behaviour from an attitude measure is improved if the person believes they have control over that behaviour

53
Q

What does thinking more about an attitude do?

A

Increase the likelihood that will influence your behaviour

Understanding groups and individuals (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions