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Understanding groups and individuals > Cross-cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Cross-cultural Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture?

A

A product of human interaction and a set of practices that characterise a specific social group

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2
Q

What is cross-cultural psychology?

A

The study of cultural difference in more than one culture. The goal is to develop a universal psychology

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3
Q

What does culture blind mean?

A

Theory and data untested outside of the host culture

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4
Q

What are the two kinds of cultural variables?

A

Objective culture and subjective culture

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5
Q

What is objective culture?

A

Explicit such as music and language

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6
Q

What is subjective culture?

A

More latent such as values and norms

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7
Q

What is mainstream psychology?

A

The study of human psyche in one culture, assuming the findings can be generalized to all humans and not just those in the study.

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8
Q

What does WEIRD stand for?

A

Western, education, industrialised, rich, democratic

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9
Q

What did Masuda and Nisbett, 2001, find?

A

When participants watched an animation and described what they saw, americans described the focal object and the Japanese descrubed the background

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10
Q

What is the emic method?

A

The focus on culture specific phenomena such as behaviour and norms

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11
Q

What is the etic method?

A

Comparison of universal dimensions

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12
Q

What is ethnographic research?

A

Study of a specific society based on fieldwork, the researcher is immersed in the everyday life

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13
Q

Who characterised cultures by relationships?

A

Fiske

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14
Q

What is the relational theory based on?

A

Schemas

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15
Q

What are the 4 schemas of the relational theory?

A

Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching and market pricing

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16
Q

What is communal sharing?

A

Group transcends the individual

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17
Q

What is authority ranking?

A

Defined by linear hierarchy

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18
Q

What is equality matching?

A

The attending to balance in social exchanges

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19
Q

What is market pricing?

A

The sense of proportional outcomes

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20
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

Bringing members of opposing social groups together improves intergroup relations and reduces discrimination

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21
Q

Who looked at communication between cultures?

A

Gallois et al

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22
Q

What did Gallois et al find?

A

Communication style of overseas Chinese student may reinforce unfavourable stereotypes of that group

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23
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process where the individual learns about the rules of behaviour of another culture

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24
Q

What occurs in acculturation?

A

Integration, assimilation, separation and marginalisation

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25
Q

What is integration?

A

Maintaining home culture but also relating dominant culture

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26
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Giving up home culture and embracing dominant culture

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27
Q

What is separation?

A

Maintaining home culture and being isolated from dominant culture

28
Q

What is marginalisation?

A

Giving up home culture and failing to relate properly to dominant culture

29
Q

What are the cross-cultural dimensions?

A

Individualism-Collectivism, independence/Interdependence, 4 value dimensions of Hofstede, 7 value dimensions of Schwartz, the 3 grouping of value dimensions

30
Q

What is eastern culture?

A

Collectivist

31
Q

What is western culture?

A

The pursuit of the individual is encouraged

32
Q

What culture is affect in?

A

When life satisfaction is more in individualistic culture

33
Q

What culture is culture norms in?

A

Collectivist

34
Q

What self does individualistic culture emphasise?

A

The private self

35
Q

What self does the collectivist culture emphasise?

A

The public and collective aspects of the self

36
Q

What did Griffiths et al, 2006 look at?

A

The schizophrenia image in Japan

37
Q

What did Griffiths et al, 2006 find?

A

In collectivist groups it is hard to return to the group once out of the group

38
Q

Who found the independent/interdependent self?

A

Markus and Kitayama 1991

39
Q

What is the independent self?

A

The self that is relatively separate, internal and unique

40
Q

What is the interdependent self?

A

A self that is dependent on social relations

41
Q

What is the self in individualistic cultures?

A

Independent

42
Q

Who looked at the independent and interdependent self in cultures?

A

Hannover and Kuhnen, 2004

43
Q

What did Hannover and Kuhnen find?

A

People from individualistic cultures make independent descriptions from themselves but collectivist make interdependent descriptions

44
Q

What is the behaviour of the independent self governed by?

A

Dispositional characteristics

45
Q

What is the self in collectivism cultures?

A

Interdependent

46
Q

What is the interdependent self governed by?

A

Diffusing boundaries between the self and others

47
Q

What is the independent self categorised as?

A

Formulates personal goals, competitive, achievement orientated, autonomous, stable

48
Q

What is the interdependent self categorised as?

A

Meets obligations and conforms to its norms, cooperative, orientated to the collective, flexible, fluid

49
Q

What did Trafimow et al, 1997 find?

A

Chinese students who took a test in English were focuses on personal traits but those who took the test in Chinese were focused in group affiliations

50
Q

What did Kim and Markus 1999 find in uniqueness vs common?

A

American participants choose products that are unique but east asian ads choose products that are common due to conformity

51
Q

What does the independent self focus on?

A

Separate from social context, feelings and thoughts, focus on self-actualisation

52
Q

What does the interdependent self focus on?

A

Connection with social context, roles and statuses. Promoting others’ goals and belonging

53
Q

Who looked at consistency in preference-choice?

A

Heine and Lehman 1997

54
Q

What happened in the Heine and Lehman 1997 study?

A

Participants were promised a CD they like as payment for participation, participants rated 10 CDs, got choice of 5th or 6th of their rating, rated CDs again

55
Q

What were the findings from Heine and Lehman study?

A

The rating changed more in Americans than Japanese

56
Q

What are Hofstede’s 4 cultural dimensions?

A

Individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance

57
Q

What is power distance?

A

The degree to which unequal power in an institution is accepted

58
Q

What is uncertainty avoidance?

A

Planning for stability in life’s uncertainties

59
Q

What is masculinity-femininity?

A

Valuing of attributes as typically male or female

60
Q

What is individualism-collectivism?

A

Whether one’s identity is determined by personal choice of the collective

61
Q

What are criticisms of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions?

A

Theoretically based.
There is biased samples as most of them were male

62
Q

Who looked at the grouping of nations in terms of value dimensions?

A

Fiske, Kityama and Nisbett

63
Q

What did Fiske, Kitayama and Nisbett find?

A

Western European nations are individualistic and egalitarian, eastern European nations are individualistic and hierarchical, Asian nations are collectivist and hierarchical

64
Q

What are the 3 problems that societies confront in Schwartz’s cultural value dimensions?

A

To what extent are people autonomous vs embedded in their groups, how to guarantee responsible behaviour and relations of people with the natural world

65
Q

What are the 7 value dimensions of Schwartz?

A

Harmony, egalitarianism, mastery, hierarchy, intellectual autonomy, affective autonomy, embeddedness

Understanding groups and individuals (9 decks)

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