Cross-cultural Psychology Flashcards
What is culture?
A product of human interaction and a set of practices that characterise a specific social group
What is cross-cultural psychology?
The study of cultural difference in more than one culture. The goal is to develop a universal psychology
What does culture blind mean?
Theory and data untested outside of the host culture
What are the two kinds of cultural variables?
Objective culture and subjective culture
What is objective culture?
Explicit such as music and language
What is subjective culture?
More latent such as values and norms
What is mainstream psychology?
The study of human psyche in one culture, assuming the findings can be generalized to all humans and not just those in the study.
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, education, industrialised, rich, democratic
What did Masuda and Nisbett, 2001, find?
When participants watched an animation and described what they saw, americans described the focal object and the Japanese descrubed the background
What is the emic method?
The focus on culture specific phenomena such as behaviour and norms
What is the etic method?
Comparison of universal dimensions
What is ethnographic research?
Study of a specific society based on fieldwork, the researcher is immersed in the everyday life
Who characterised cultures by relationships?
Fiske
What is the relational theory based on?
Schemas
What are the 4 schemas of the relational theory?
Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching and market pricing
What is communal sharing?
Group transcends the individual
What is authority ranking?
Defined by linear hierarchy
What is equality matching?
The attending to balance in social exchanges
What is market pricing?
The sense of proportional outcomes
What is the contact hypothesis?
Bringing members of opposing social groups together improves intergroup relations and reduces discrimination
Who looked at communication between cultures?
Gallois et al
What did Gallois et al find?
Communication style of overseas Chinese student may reinforce unfavourable stereotypes of that group
What is acculturation?
The process where the individual learns about the rules of behaviour of another culture
What occurs in acculturation?
Integration, assimilation, separation and marginalisation
What is integration?
Maintaining home culture but also relating dominant culture
What is assimilation?
Giving up home culture and embracing dominant culture
What is separation?
Maintaining home culture and being isolated from dominant culture
What is marginalisation?
Giving up home culture and failing to relate properly to dominant culture
What are the cross-cultural dimensions?
Individualism-Collectivism, independence/Interdependence, 4 value dimensions of Hofstede, 7 value dimensions of Schwartz, the 3 grouping of value dimensions
What is eastern culture?
Collectivist
What is western culture?
The pursuit of the individual is encouraged
What culture is affect in?
When life satisfaction is more in individualistic culture
What culture is culture norms in?
Collectivist
What self does individualistic culture emphasise?
The private self
What self does the collectivist culture emphasise?
The public and collective aspects of the self
What did Griffiths et al, 2006 look at?
The schizophrenia image in Japan
What did Griffiths et al, 2006 find?
In collectivist groups it is hard to return to the group once out of the group
Who found the independent/interdependent self?
Markus and Kitayama 1991
What is the independent self?
The self that is relatively separate, internal and unique
What is the interdependent self?
A self that is dependent on social relations
What is the self in individualistic cultures?
Independent
Who looked at the independent and interdependent self in cultures?
Hannover and Kuhnen, 2004
What did Hannover and Kuhnen find?
People from individualistic cultures make independent descriptions from themselves but collectivist make interdependent descriptions
What is the behaviour of the independent self governed by?
Dispositional characteristics
What is the self in collectivism cultures?
Interdependent
What is the interdependent self governed by?
Diffusing boundaries between the self and others
What is the independent self categorised as?
Formulates personal goals, competitive, achievement orientated, autonomous, stable
What is the interdependent self categorised as?
Meets obligations and conforms to its norms, cooperative, orientated to the collective, flexible, fluid
What did Trafimow et al, 1997 find?
Chinese students who took a test in English were focuses on personal traits but those who took the test in Chinese were focused in group affiliations
What did Kim and Markus 1999 find in uniqueness vs common?
American participants choose products that are unique but east asian ads choose products that are common due to conformity
What does the independent self focus on?
Separate from social context, feelings and thoughts, focus on self-actualisation
What does the interdependent self focus on?
Connection with social context, roles and statuses. Promoting others’ goals and belonging
Who looked at consistency in preference-choice?
Heine and Lehman 1997
What happened in the Heine and Lehman 1997 study?
Participants were promised a CD they like as payment for participation, participants rated 10 CDs, got choice of 5th or 6th of their rating, rated CDs again
What were the findings from Heine and Lehman study?
The rating changed more in Americans than Japanese
What are Hofstede’s 4 cultural dimensions?
Individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance
What is power distance?
The degree to which unequal power in an institution is accepted
What is uncertainty avoidance?
Planning for stability in life’s uncertainties
What is masculinity-femininity?
Valuing of attributes as typically male or female
What is individualism-collectivism?
Whether one’s identity is determined by personal choice of the collective
What are criticisms of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions?
Theoretically based.
There is biased samples as most of them were male
Who looked at the grouping of nations in terms of value dimensions?
Fiske, Kityama and Nisbett
What did Fiske, Kitayama and Nisbett find?
Western European nations are individualistic and egalitarian, eastern European nations are individualistic and hierarchical, Asian nations are collectivist and hierarchical
What are the 3 problems that societies confront in Schwartz’s cultural value dimensions?
To what extent are people autonomous vs embedded in their groups, how to guarantee responsible behaviour and relations of people with the natural world
What are the 7 value dimensions of Schwartz?
Harmony, egalitarianism, mastery, hierarchy, intellectual autonomy, affective autonomy, embeddedness
