People in Groups Flashcards
What is social facilitation?
How the effects of others can influence your performance due to increased effort
Who looked at social faciliation?
Triplett (1898)
What is the procedure of social facilitation?
A lab experiment to see fast children reeled in a fishing line
What were the findings of the social facilitation experiment?
Children did the task faster when in pairs
What did Allport (1920) say about social facilitation?
The effect is not limited to competition between individuals but the mere presence of others
Who found the drive theory?
Zajonc 1965
What is the drive theory?
The physical presence of others increases arousal that can have a debilitating or enhancing effect on performace due to the production of arousal
What does the presence of others, arousal, strengthened dominant response and an easy task lead to?
Social facilitation (increased performance
What does the presence of others, arousal, strengthened dominant response and an hard task lead to in drive theory?
Social inhibition (decreased performance)
What is evaluation apprehension?
The worry of being judged
Who looked at evaluation apprehension?
Cottrell, 1972
What was the procedure of evaluation apprehension experiment?
Completed a well-learned verbal task. Task was completed alone vs mere presence (blindfolded vs audience) the confederates observed participants
What were the findings of the evaluation apprehension experiment?
The only audience condition produced social facilitation
Who found the distraction-conflict theory?
Sanders, 1981
What is the distraction-conflict theory?
The presence of others can drive us to distraction which produces arousal
What is the process of distraction-conflict theory?
Presence of others, it can cause us to pay attention to others or the task, there is attentional conflict, increased arousal, there is social facilitation or inhibition
Who did an experiment on distraction-conflict theory?
Sanders et al 1978
What is the procedure for distraction-conflict theory?
Participants completed easy/hard task alone or alongside someone else. The other participant complete the same (distracting) or different (a not distracting task)
What occurred in the distraction condition of the distraction-conflict theory?
They improved performance on the easy task and decreased performance on hard task
What are the two non drive based explanations?
Self-awareness and self-presentation
Who looked at self-awareness?
Carver and Scheier, 1981
What is self-awareness?
The presence of others makes us more self-aware and elicits comparisons between actual and ideal self and we are motivated to reduce the discrepancy
What occurs when discrepancy is low?
Performance improves
What occurs when discrepancy is high?
People give up and performance decreases
Who looked at self-presentation?
Bond, 1982
What is self-presentation?
Presence of others leads to impression management tactics. Achievable on easier tasks and difficult tasks induce potential embarrassment which leads to mistakes
Who looked at social loafing?
Ringelmann 1913
What is the procedure of social loafing?
Participants pulled a rope attached to a dynamometer either alone in groups of varying size
What is the Ringelmann effect?
Individual effort diminishes as group size increases (social loafing)
What are the explanations from the Ringelmann experiment?
Coordination loss (poor coordination of effort reduces the ability to met maximum output) and motivation loss (people did not try so hard)
What is the Ingham et al 1974 procedure?
Pulling rope either alone or in groups of varying size. The groups were actual participants vs confederates
What is the Ingham et al 1974 findings?
Decrease in output in confederate group show motivational loss of doing the task in a group
What are the reasons why people loaf?
Output equity, evaluation apprehension, matching to standard
Who found output equity?
Kerr and Brunn, 1983
What is output equity?
The belief others loaf and we do so to avoid being a sucker
How does evaluation apprehension link to social loafing?
The individual contribution is not recognisable which linkst to loafing
What is matching to standard?
Unsure of group norm so may not work to full capacity
What is the definition of a group?
When two or more people share a common definition and behave in accordance
What is group entitativity?
The properties of a group that make it seem coherent, distinct and unitary entity