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Understanding groups and individuals > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

What is aggression?

A

“Aggression is the delivery of an aversive stimulus from one person to another,
with intent to harm and with an expectation of causing such harm, when the
other person is motivated to escape or avoid the stimulus”. Geen (p.3; 2001)

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2
Q

What is an aversive stimulus?

A

Direct or indirect such as physical force or verbal

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3
Q

What is intent to harm?

A

That the aggressor is motivated to cause harm

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4
Q

What is reactive aggression?

A

Reaction to a trigger, the intention to cause harm

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5
Q

What is proactive aggression?

A

Motivated by concerned greater than risk of harm

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6
Q

What are the personal factors for aggression?

A

Hormones, personality, gender, alcohol

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7
Q

What hormones are implicated in aggression?

A

Testosterone but the correlation between aggression

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8
Q

What happens in male to female transitions?

A

Decreases in aggression

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9
Q

What personality is implicated in aggression?

A

Type A personality

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Type A personality

A

Striving to achieve, time urgency, competitiveness and hostility

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11
Q

How does alcohol cause aggression?

A

Compromises cortical control and increases activity in primitive brain areas

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12
Q

What did Gustafson find?

A

Intoxicated males are more aggressive than sober and delivered electric shocks when provoked

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13
Q

What are the two situational factors for aggression?

A

Physical environment and cultural norms

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14
Q

How does the physical environment effect aggression?

A

Prolonged heat linked to domestic violence and crowding due to personal space causes violence

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15
Q

Who looked at the physical environment in aggression?

A

Cohn and Rotton

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16
Q

What did Cohn and Rotton find?

A

Assaults are more frequent later in the evening due to working in temp controlled environments in the day so effects of temp didn’t show until people have left work

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17
Q

How do cultural norms affect aggression?

A

Subcultures where violence is accepted causes aggression

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18
Q

What is a case example for crowd bating?

A

Shawn Dykes threatened suicide from the top of a shopping centre and the large crowd taunted him and he jumped after 3 hours

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19
Q

What did Mann (1981) find?

A

21 cases where people threatened to jump to suicide in the presence of a crowd

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20
Q

Why does crowd bating cause aggression

A

Nighttime, large crowd, warm temp, long duration and the crowd is distant from the victim

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21
Q

What does crowd bating lead to?

A

Deindividuation and dehumanisation

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22
Q

What is dehumanisation?

A

Viewing the victim as inhuman

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23
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

A sense of anonymity where there is a loss of identity and reduced likelihood of punishment

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24
Q

What does Geen (2001) say about collective aggression?

A

Western demographic nations view democracy, human rights and non-violence as core values… but violence is more common US

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25
Q

What are the subcultures that have collective aggression?

A

Football hooliganism: ritualised aggression linked to social status, values and group norms
Gangs: violence may be seen as a part of life as a may of solving disputes

26
Q

What are the explanations of aggression?

A

Ethology, psychodynamic, biological, evolutionary social, bio-socio, social, frustration-aggression, excitation transfer

27
Q

What is the argument for the evolutionary social account?

A

Complex social behaviour is adaptive, helps species to survive and promotes survival of genes

28
Q

What is the argument for biological accounts of aggression?

A

Aggression across human society must serve a purpose and aggression is an innate action tendency or instinct

29
Q

What are the characteristics of instincts?

A

Goal directed, terminates a specific consequence, beneficial, adapted to a normal environment, shared by members of a species, unlearnt

30
Q

What does Darwin say about aggression?

A

There is the same emotional state across species (evolved, adaptive and useful) that indicates what the animal will do

31
Q

How is aggression a form of social competence?

A

We learn when aggression is appropriate

32
Q

How is aggression a form a communication?

A

As threat displays in humans indicate aggression and if recognised harm can be avoided

33
Q

What are the limitations of evolutionary accounts?

A

Insufficient explanation for all forms of aggression
Difficult applying studies of animals to humans
Lack of evidence for genetic underpinning
Bio-social accounts are more popular

34
Q

What does bio-social accounts say about aggression?

A

Arousal+situation= aggression. Aggression is innate not an instinct

35
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

A frustrating event causes aggression

36
Q

What is the catharsis hypothesis?

A

Aggression is due to the need to release frustration

37
Q

Who looked at catharsis?

A

Bushman, Beimeister and Stack

38
Q

What did Bushman, Beimeister and Stack find?

A

People who hit a punching bag are more likely to punish people who transgressed against them

39
Q

What is the excitation transfer model?

A

Learnt aggressive behaviour and arousal and the individuals interpretation of the arousal state causes aggression

40
Q

What does heightened arousal lead to in the excitation transfer?

A

We are more aggressive than usual

41
Q

What are the social accounts of aggression?

A

Social learning theory which can lead to cognitive schemas and the media

42
Q

What is the process of social learning theory in aggression?

A

Acquisition of behaviour, instigation of acts, maintenance of behaviour

43
Q

What does aggression depend on in SLT?

A

Person’s experience of others’ aggressive behaviour, how successful the aggression was, likelihood of aggression being rewarded or punished, cognitive social and environment factors

44
Q

What did Straus, Sugarman and Giles-Sims find?

A

Children not spanked shows less antisocial behaviour after 2 years

45
Q

What does learnt patterns of aggression lead to?

A

Generational child abuse, stress (domestic violence), divisions of power, high levels of alcohol consumption, family being a source of frustration

46
Q

What did Anderson and Bushman, 2001, find?

A

There is a link between violent video games and aggression

47
Q

What did Berkowitz, 1984 find?

A

Media can trigger violence as an automatic reaction to aggression scenes

48
Q

What is the explanation for Berkowitz’s findings?

A

Ideomotor response and priming

49
Q

What is priming?

A

Activating schemas that influence processing of new information

50
Q

Who found the general aggression model?

A

Allen, Anderson and Bushman (2018)

51
Q

What is the two processes of the general aggression model?

A

Distal and Proximal

52
Q

What is in the distal processes of the general aggression model?

A

There are biological modifiers such as hormonal imbalances and low serotonin and there is environmental modifiers such as culture and exposure to violence which lead to personality

53
Q

What is the first stage of proximal process of the general aggression model?

A

There are inputs from personal and situational factors

54
Q

What is the second stage of proximal process of the general aggression model?

A

There are routes. Stage 1 inputs influence the present internal state (thoughts, emotion, arousal). The interaction of these will enhance or diminish aggression

55
Q

What is the third stage of proximal process of the general aggression model?

A

The outcome which is the appraisal of the situation and a decision on how to respond

56
Q

Who found the I3 model of aggression?

A

Finkel and Hall (2018)

57
Q

What are the processes of the I3 model?

A
  1. The strength of the environmental stimuli which can lead to aggression
  2. Situational and personal factors can determine how aggressively we react.
  3. Situational and personal factors influence how likely we are to aggress
58
Q

What is traditional bullying?

A

One person or a group of
people repeatedly
demonstrate aggressive
behaviour towards another
person or group of persons
with an ‘imbalance of
power’

59
Q

What is cyberbullying?

A

An aggressive intentional act
carried out by a group or
individual, using electronic
forms of contact, repeatedly
and over time against a
victim who cannot easily
defend him or herself

60
Q

What is cyber aggression?

A

Intentional harm delivered
by the use of electronic
means to a person or a group of people irrespective of their age, who perceive(s) such acts as offensive, derogatory, harmful, or unwanted.”

61
Q

How does cyberbullying differ from traditional bullying?

A

Less proximity to the victim, anonymity, lack of facial cues, frustrations are online, unclear social norms

Understanding groups and individuals (9 decks)

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