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LC LIFESPAN B > Prosocial Behaviour > Flashcards

Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what is prosocial behaviour?

A

acts with positive social consequences that benefit the wellbeing of others

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2
Q

what is helping behaviour?

A

a category of prosocial behaviour

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3
Q

what is altruism?

A

a specific form of helping behaviour that benefits another person without the expectation of personal gain

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4
Q

what does evolution see prosocial behaviour as?

A

an innate adaptive trait because it has links to cooperation and communication in humans and animals

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5
Q

evolutionary explanations

A
  • mutualism-reciprocity
  • kin-selection
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6
Q

mutualism-reciprocity

A

cooperative behaviour increases survival probability more than non-cooperation

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7
Q

kin-selection

A

biased to help those who we share our genes with, which can be extended to ‘inclusive fitness’

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8
Q

individual explanations

A
  • arousal
  • empathy
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9
Q

arousal

A

there is a biological negative arousal response to witnessing suffering which can predispose action

these negative feelings can be avoided by looking away

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10
Q

empathy

A

prosocial behaviour can be impacted if we engage in or avoid empathy

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11
Q

who designed the bystander-calculus model?

A

pillavin et al (1981) in order to weigh up the consequences of helping which results in a cost-benefit calculated decision

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12
Q

three-stage process of the bystander-calculus model

A
  1. physiological arousal
  2. label arousal (either as empathy or other emotion)
  3. evaluate the consequences
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13
Q

empathy costs

A

failing to help causes distress

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14
Q

personal costs

A

failing to help causes the feeling of blame

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15
Q

what does the bystander-calculus model aim to do?

A

resolve distress at the lowest possible cost, showing it is motivated by egosim

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16
Q

why do people help friends more than strangers?

A

association increases empathy costs

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17
Q

who proposed the empathy-altruism model?

A

baston et al (1991) hypothesised people will help regardless of benefit, as long as they feel empathy towards another person

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18
Q

what is there evidence of in the empathy-altruism model?

A

altruistic motivation, as prosocial behaviour was exclusively to reduce distress of the person in need

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19
Q

what do these models show?

A

egoism and altruism as two different mechanisms that form pluralistic explanations of prosocial behaviour

20
Q

is there a prosocial personality?

A

no one set of characteristics, but there are differences between helpers and non helpers

21
Q

differences between helpers and non-helpers:

A
  • emphasis on social responsibility and high internal locus of control
  • greater dispositional empathy and extensivity
22
Q

mood

A

people in good moods have increased likelihood of helping behaviour except for guilt

23
Q

why is guilt the exception for bad moods?

A

explained by negative relief state model, where doing good relieves the negative affect felt by guilt

24
Q

what happens if all bystanders experience different emotional states?

A

this is not likely to decrease the bystander effecr

25
Q

competence

A

people with helping skills/competence are more likely to help, and even the perception increases this likelihood

26
Q

social explanations of prosocial behaviour:

A
  • reciprocity principle
  • social responsibility norm
27
Q

reciprocity principle

A

we should help those who help us, either in the past or future

28
Q

social responsibility norm

A

we have a duty to help those in need without the expectation of future help

29
Q

what is the social responsibility norm selective on?

A

the just world hypothesis- whether people are deemed responsible for their own situation

30
Q

social learning theory

A

observation only influences prosocial behaviour if there is a positive outcome
- increases prosocial thought and immediate action

31
Q

what was the bystander effect prompted by?

A

the murder of kitty genovese in 1961 with 37 unresponsive witnesses

32
Q

when does the bystander effect occur?

A

when a bystander is less likely to help in an emergency when in the presence of other people rather than alone

33
Q

what cognitive decision model did latane and darley develop?

A
  1. notice the event
  2. interpret it as an emergency
  3. assume responsibility
  4. evaluate potential decisions
  5. implement decisions

emergency situations/the bystander effect interrupt elements of this process

34
Q

what did their studies show?

A
  • the seizure experiment
  • lady in distress
  • smoke filled room

all provided evidence of the bystander effect, with the exception of when around friends

35
Q

what have real life emergencies suggested about the bystander effect?

A

bystander apathy is mitigated by real life context, and bystanders are less passive than assumed

36
Q

why do people not help?

A
  • audience inhibition
  • fear of social blunders
  • diffusion of responsibility
37
Q

social influences of the bystander effect?

A
  • social norms
  • strongest effect during a mixed anonymous group of strangers
  • decreased effect when people were friends, shared some social identity, or were likely to meet again
38
Q

why is altruism an area of research?

A

it contradicts evolutionary theories of prosocial behaviour

39
Q

examples of altruism

A
  • volunteering
  • risk of loss of own life
  • martyrdom
40
Q

why is volunteering not altruistic?

A

selfish oriented motives of egoism, altruism, collectivism, and principlism

contextual factors- climate and economics- can affect altruism-egosim

41
Q

why are big self-sacrifices not altruistic?

A

even costly altruism is not even to explain behaviour

interaction with empathy, social norms, attitudes, and personality

42
Q

why is martyrdom not altruistic?

A

motivated by politics, religion, and ideology

43
Q

real world examples of altruism

A

medical donation suggests people are motivated by benevolence and egoism
- also motivated by helping others and personal benefits

44
Q

benevolence

A

awareness of mutual beneficial aspects for recipient and donor

45
Q

issues with research into egoism

A

can be tautological and non-falsifiable

46
Q

how do prosocial researchers encourage pluralism?

A

by studying altruism in a pragmatic way, through cost-benefit analysis

this means altruism and egoism will always interact

LC LIFESPAN B (10 decks)

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