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LC LIFESPAN B > Group Membership and Peer Relationships > Flashcards

Group Membership and Peer Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

what are groups?

A

a collection of people that interact with other members, and are structured through roles, expectations, and shared associations

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2
Q

types of groups

A
  1. incidental groups
  2. membership groups
  3. identity reference groups
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3
Q

incidental groups

A

brought together for a short period of time with minimal involvement and committment

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4
Q

membership groups

A

have shared long-lasting commitments to common goals

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5
Q

identity reference groups

A

identification through shared values and norms

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6
Q

campbell (1958) suggested group distinction is informed by ________

A

entativity

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7
Q

entativity

A

the properties of a group that makes it distinct

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8
Q

how did moreland and levine (1982) identify the process of group socialisation?

A
  1. investigation
  2. socialisation
  3. maintenance
  4. resocialisation
  5. remembrance
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9
Q

social explanations for group membership

A
  • sociometer theory
  • terror management
  • uncertainity-identity theory
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10
Q

sociometer theory

A

leary and baumeister (2000) found group membership is motivated by self-esteem and desire to be included, which increases their social connection with others

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11
Q

terror management theory

A

membership is motivated by fear of death and group membership reduces feelings of terror and existential anxiety

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12
Q

uncertainty-identity theory

A

group membership helps to define uncertain identity and entativity is influential in providing this

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13
Q

how are dispositional traits influential in group identity formation?

A

personality traits, such as conscientiousness, correlated with civic national identity

openness to experience was negatively associated with ethnic nationhood

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14
Q

ethnic nationhood

A

belonging based on ethnocultural sameness

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15
Q

civic nationhood

A

adhering to national political culture

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16
Q

evidence that identification is a product of personality

A

neuroticism was not useful for identification with nation or the army, but conscientiousness and agreeableness were correlated with group identification

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17
Q

what are roles?

A

patterns of behaviour to distinguish between group activities and differentiate between people for the greater good of the group

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18
Q

correspondence bias

A

the incorrect assumption that performed group behaviour is equitable to and reflective of dispositional traits

19
Q

what do high-status role holders have?

A

consensual prestige and a tendency to initiate ideas

20
Q

how can group hierarchies change over time?

A

because of social comparison within the group

21
Q

expectation states theory

A

roles are a consequence of status-based expectations, as diffuse traits are generalised across irrelevant situations

22
Q

specific status characteristics

A

useful attributes to complete a group task

23
Q

diffuse status characteristics

A

widely positively regarded attributes, but these are not task-specific

24
Q

who are leaders?

A

someone who will take a pivotal role within a group to achieve common goals

25
Q

what is a prototype?

A

an ideal representation of a group used to evaluate others, and these have significant influence and occupy leadership roles

26
Q

social explanations of leadership

A

social identity theory

27
Q

social identity theory

A

identity is built through group membership and comparison to other groups

leadership prototypicality was success when they were aspirational and the group had longevity

28
Q

individual explanations of leadership

A
  • personality traits
  • subordinate characteristics
29
Q

how are personality traits associated with leadership?

A

extraversion and neuroticism were the strongest and weakest correlates with leadership

30
Q

how is leadership reliant on subordinate characteristics?

A

high subordinate agreeableness was associated with transformational leadership, whereas neuroticism was related to passive-avoidance

31
Q

what are peer relationships?

A

a specific form of group membership

affiliations between individuals with shared characteristics, fostered through social interactions

32
Q

what are friendships?

A

a special form of dyadic, voluntary peer relationship

33
Q

functions of peer relationships

A
  • social, emotional, and behavioural functioning
  • reinforce identity development
  • develop skills
34
Q

social, emotional, and behavioural functioning

A

peer networks are predictors of academic motivation, achievement, and social functioning

35
Q

reinforce identity development

A

association with peers allows for the development of a sense of identity based on a need to belong

36
Q

develop skills

A

learning to engage in cooperative activities, understanding social structures, and how to mobilise aggression

37
Q

social theories of peer relationships

A
  • social learning theory
  • social identity theory
38
Q

social learning theory

A

behaviour is learned through modelling peer behaviour, which can be maintained through reward and punishment

39
Q

social identity theory

A

the behaviour of individuals who identify with the group are likely to be directed by group identity and norms

40
Q

individual theories of peer relationships

A
  • personality traits
  • homophily
41
Q

how do personality traits influence peer relationships?

A

extraversion, agreeableness, and self-esteem are strong predictors of the number and quality of friendships

42
Q

how does homophily influence peer relationships?

A

group success was associated with similarity in individual personality traits, such as conscientiousness and neuroticism

43
Q

situational theories of peer relationships

A

propinquity

44
Q

propinquity

A

people are likely to become friends with those they see and interact with more based on mere exposure effect

LC LIFESPAN B (10 decks)

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