Introduction to Individual Differences Flashcards
what is personality?
individual characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour
personality paradigms
- psychoanalytic approach
- phenomenological/humanistic approach
- trait approach
- learning approach
- cognitive approach
psychoanalytic approach
neo-freudian approach that focuses on the unconscious mind and motivation through the resolution of internal conflict and childhood
phenomenological/humanistic approach
individuals have conscious experience of the world which results in personal responsibility and acceptance of self and personality
trait approach
how people differ, and conceptualising and measuring differences
believes there is a continuum of traits and behaviours
learning approach
informed by behaviourism and social learning theory, through the role of reward, punishment, and interpersonal interactions
cognitive approach
role of perception and memory, and the different ways people process information
models of intelligence
- two-factor model
- multiple-factor model
two-factor model
believes there are two factors that influence levels of intelligence
spearman’s (g)
underlies all intelligence performance
spearman’s (s)
related to individual ability to succeed on testing
cattell’s fluid intelligence
not reliant on prior experience
cattell’s crystallised intelligence
relies on education and experience
multiple-factor model
believes two factors are too reductionist, and there are more involved
thurstone’s seven mental abilities
- verbal comprehension
- verbal fluency
- number
- spatial visualisation
- memory
- reasoning
- perceptual speed
