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SF III Test 1 > Properties of Vasculature > Flashcards

Properties of Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the large blood vessels?

A

Intima - innermost, single layer of thin endothelium

Media - smooth muscle in a matrix of collagen, elastin, and glycoproteins

Adventitia -outermost, collagen, fibroblasts, blood vessels and autonomic nerves

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2
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and a basal lamina

no smooth muscle

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3
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Distributes blood from the heart

Dampens the pulatile pressure that results from the intermittent ejection of blood

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4
Q

What vessels are the primary resistance vessels that regulate arterial blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

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5
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Smallest vessels

Have the greatest cross sectional area

Responsible for nutrient exchange

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6
Q

What are the primary capacitance vessels of the body?

A

Venules and Veins

Most of the blood volume is here and this is where regional blood volume is regulated

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7
Q

Describe the pressure of the systemic circuit

A

The mean BP is highest in the aorta and progressively decreases as the blood flows further away from the heart

Largest pressure drop is across the arterioles

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8
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow velocity and area?

A

Velocity is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the blood vessel

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9
Q

What two factors determine blood flow through a vessel?

A

Pressure difference at the two ends

Resistance of the vessel to flow

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10
Q

What factors determine the resistance to blood flow within a vessel?

A

Length

Vlood viscosity

Radius of the vessel

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11
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Describes blood flow within a vessel

The rate of blood flow is directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the vessel

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12
Q

What is the major mechanism for changing blood flow in the CV system?

A

Changing the resistance of blood vessels, particularly the arterioles

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13
Q

What is the effect of pressure on tissue blood flow?

A

And increase in arterial pressure increases blood flow through various tissues of the body

Increases the force that pushes blood but also distends the vessels at the same time, decreasing vascular resistance

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14
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect blood flow?

A

Inhibition of sympathetic activity greatly dilates vessels and increases blood flow

Stimulation can constrict the vessels so that blood flow decreases

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15
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow and blood viscosity?

A

The greater the viscosity, the less flow

Viscosity increases as hematocrit increases

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16
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Blood normally flows through all vessels in the CV system in an orderly streamlined manner

17
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

The fluid moves irregularly in axial, radial, adn circumferential directions

18
Q

What conditions cause turbulent blood flow?

A

When the rate of blood flow becomes too great

When is passes by an obstruction in a vessel

Sharp turns

Passes over a rough surface

19
Q

What is reynolds number?

A

Way to predict turbulent blood flow

Re > 2000 - turbulent flow

20
Q

Describe resistance when blood vessels are arranged in series

A

The total resistance is equal to the sum of the resistance of each vessel

The total flow through each vessel of the system is the same

21
Q

Describe resistance when blood vessels are arranged in parallel

A

The reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances

Parallel vessels greatly reduce resistance

Capillaries have the highest resistance as individual vessels, but because of their arrangement their resistance is reduced

22
Q

What is vascular compliance?

A

How much volume changes in response to a given change in distending pressure

The compliance of the venous system is much greater than that of the arteriole system

23
Q

What is the significance of the distensible nature of the arteries?

A

It reduces the pressure pulsations to almost none by the time blood reaches the capillaries, allowing mainly continuous blood flow

If not for this, then all blood flow would have to occur during systole

24
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

25
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

The average of the arterial pressures through the cardiac cycle

26
Q

What three factors determine the mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac Output

Systemic vascular resistance

Central venous pressure

27
Q

What is the affect of arteriolar radius on local blood flow and central arterial pressure?

A

Constriction throughout the body increases total peripheral resistance, raising arterial pressure at a given CO

If the vessel tone changes are confined to a single organ, then TPR is not greatly affected

28
Q

What factors affect arterial pulse pressure?

A

Stroke volume or artery compliance

29
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Regulate the distribution of available blood volume between the peripheral and central venous compartments

Affect central venous pressure and cardiac output

30
Q

What does the volume of blood in the peripheral veins depend on?

A

Venous blood pressure and smooth muscle tone

31
Q

What is central venous pressure?

A

Describes the blood pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium

32
Q

What factors increase the central venous pressure?

A

Right ventricular failure

Increased blood volume

Increases large vessel tone throughout the body

Dilation of arterioles

33
Q

What is the effect of gravity on the venous system?

A

Orthostasis distends veins below the heart level

Raises venous pressure in the feet 9-fold

34
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

A

Veins (particularly in the legs) are surrounded by skeletal muscle that squeezes the veins

This, along with their one-way valves, propels blood towards the heart

35
Q

What is the net effect of respiration?

A

Increases venous return and cardiac output

SF III Test 1 (27 decks)

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