Great Vessel Development

Question 1

What are the branches of the dorsal aorta?

Answer 1

Paired intersegmental arteries

Unpaired Vitelline arteries

Paired umbilical arteries

Paired lateral splanchnic arteries

Question 2

What do the left and right subclavian arteries develop from?

Answer 2

7th intersegmental arteries

Question 3

What do the common iliac arteries develop from?

Answer 3

5th lumbar intersegmental arteries

Question 4

What do the umbilical arteries form?

Answer 4

Internal iliac arteries

Shifts from aorta to 5th lumbar intersegmental arteries

Superior vesical artery (to bladder)

Question 5

Which aortic arches are the major contributors to definitive arteries and which degenerate?

Answer 5

3,4, and 6 - definitive arteries

1,2, and 5 degenerate

Question 6

What does the 3rd aortic arch form?

Answer 6

Proximal - common carotid

Distal - part of the internal carotid, external carotid arteries that sprout from common carotid

Question 7

What does the left aortic arch 4 form?

Answer 7

Contributes to the arch of the aorta

Question 8

What three embryonic vessels form the aortic arch?

Answer 8

Aortic Sac

Left dorsal aorta

Left aortic arch 4

Question 9

What does the right aortic arch 4 form?

Answer 9

Contributes to the right subclavian artery

Question 10

What three embryonic vessels form the right subclavian artery?

Answer 10

Right aortic arch 4

Right dorsal aorta

Right 7th intersegmental artery

Question 11

What does the 6th aortic arch form?

Answer 11

Proximal - Left and right pulmonary arteries

Distal - degenerates on the right, but on the left persists as the ductus arteriosus

Question 12

What is the brachiocephalic trunk formed from?

Answer 12

Part of the aortic sac

Question 13

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 13

Narrowing of the aorta superior or inferior to the entrance of the ductus arteriosus

Question 14

What is postductal coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 14

Narrowing of the aorta inferior to the ductus arteriosus

Question 15

What collateral circulation develops to supply lower structures in postductal coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 15

Anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery and posterior intercostal branches of the aorta

Superior epigastric artery and inferior epigastric artery

Question 16

What is rib-notching?

Answer 16

Wearing away of rib in the location of the intercostal arteries due to increased blood flow resulting from postductal coarctation of the aorta

Question 17

What is preductal coarctation?

Answer 17

Narrowing of the aorta superior to ductus arteriosus

Ductus arteriosus remains patent to supply the aorta with blood

Question 18

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 18

Failure of closure of the DA

Results in blood shunting of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

Treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors to promote closure

Question 19

What is an abnormal right subclavian artery?

Answer 19

Branch of the aortic arch and passes posterior to the esophagus

Can result in kinking of the esophagus and dysphagia, but not usually clinically significant

Question 20

What is a double aortic arch?

Answer 20

Abnormal right aortic arch that develops in addition to the normal arch, forms ring around trachea and esophagus

Due to persistence of distal part of right dorsal aorta

Question 21

What is a right aortic arch?

Answer 21

Can pass anterior or posterior to the esophagus and trachea (if posterior, can result in difficulties breathing or swallowing)

Due to persistence of entire right dorsal aorta and degeneration of the left dorsal aorta

Question 22

What do the right and left vitelline veins form?

Answer 22

Hepatic sinusoids, ductus venosus

Right vitelline vein enlarges to form part of the inferior vena cava and hepatic portal system

Question 23

What do the vitelline veins drain?

Answer 23

Primitive gut

Question 24

What is the fate of the umbilical veins?

Answer 24

Right degenerates

Left drains into the hepatic sinusoids and the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus

Postnatally the left umbilical vein forms the ligamentum teres hepatis

Question 25

What are the three cardinal veins?

Answer 25

Anterior, common, posterior

Left and right

Question 26

What is the fate of the anterior cardinal veins?

Answer 26

Both contribute to the internal jugular on each side

Become connected by oblique anastomsis, which eventually becomes the left brachiocephalic vein

Right anterior cardinal contributes to the right brachiocephalic trunk

Question 27

What is the superior vena cava formed from?

Answer 27

Terminal part of right atnerior cardinal and right common cardinal veins

Question 28

What is the fate of the posterior cardinal veins?

Answer 28

Mostly degenerate but do form a segment of the inferior vena cava and common iliac veins

Question 29

What is a double superior vena cava?

Answer 29

Terminal part of the left anterior cardinal vein that normally degnerates persists

Question 30

What is a left superior vena cava?

Answer 30

Terminal left ant. cardinal persists, and right ant. cardinal degenerates instead of vice versa