Heart

Question 1

What is the Crista terminalis?

Answer 1

Vertical ridge within the right atrium that divides the right atrium into two divisions

Question 2

What are the pectinate muscles?

Answer 2

Muscular walls on the anterior part of the right atrium

Question 3

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 3

Located on the posterior wall of the right atrium, location of fetal foraman ovale

Question 4

What are the trabeculae carniae?

Answer 4

Irregular ridges of muscle that line the ventricular lumen

Question 5

What is the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 5

Ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the orifice and serves as attachment site for valve cusps

Question 6

What is the function of the cordae tendineae/papillary muscles?

Answer 6

Place tension on the cusps of the tircuspid valve to prevent the edges from being everted into the right atrium

Do not pull the cusps shut

Question 7

What is pulmonic valvular incompetence?

Answer 7

Valve doesn’t close properly due to thickened and inflexible free margins of the cusps

Results in backflow into the right ventricle

Question 8

What is pulmonary stenosis?

Answer 8

Narrowing of pulmonary orifice due to fusion of the free margins of the cusps by a disease process

Results in high right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 9

What are the two parts of the interventricular septum?

Answer 9

Muscular part - thick, forms most of it

Membranous part - thin, located in upper part and inferior to the right and posterior cusps of the aortic valve – this is the site of congenital ventricular septal defects

Question 10

What do calcium deposts in rheumatic fever affect?

Answer 10

Biscuspid (mitral) valve

Results in valve incompetency

Question 11

Where are the openings of the left and right coronary arteries?

Answer 11

Located in wall of ascending aorta

Blood enters during diastole

Question 12

Describe the valves in Diastole

Answer 12

Tricuspid and mitral valves open due to atrial contraction

Arotic and pulmonary valves closed

Question 13

Describe the valves in Systole

Answer 13

Tricuspid and mitral valves are closed

Aortic and pulmonary valves are open due to ventricular contraction

Question 14

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 14

Sinu-atrial nodal branch

Marginal

AV nodal artery

Posterior interventricular*

Question 15

What are the branchesof the left coronary artery?

Answer 15

Left anterior descending or Anterior interventricular branch

Circumflex branch

Question 16

What is coronary arterial dominance?

Answer 16

Relates to the source of the posterior interventricular artery from either the right or left coronary arteries

Question 17

What is the clinical significance of a left dominant heart

Answer 17

Entire interventricular septum is supplied by the left coronary artery, i.e. no collateral circulation

Less chance of survival from occlusive blockage of the left coronary artery in a left dominant heart

Question 18

What two vessels can be used to bypass an occluded coronary artery?

Answer 18

Great Saphenous vein

Internal thoracic artery

Question 19

What is an angioplasty?

Answer 19

Balloon catheter is inserted into the ascending aorta and then into the occluded coranary

Question 20

What is the Coronary sinus?

Answer 20

Large vein in the posterior part of the AV sulcus

Receives most of the blood of the heart via its tributaries

Opens into the right atrium, rudimentary valve present

Question 21

What are the anterior cardiac veins?

Answer 21

2-4 veins that drain directly into right atrium

Question 22

What are the smallest cardiac veins?

Answer 22

Tiny vessels that open directly into the chambers of the heart

Question 23

What is the sinuatrial node?

Answer 23

Pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium

Spontaneously generates electrical impulses that causes contraction of the Atria

Question 24

What is the atrioventricular node?

Answer 24

Located in the inferior part of the interatrial septum

Receives waves of impulses from the atrial muscles

Sends electrical impulse to the ventricles via the AV bundles

Question 25

What is the atrioventricular bundle?

Answer 25

Pierces fibrous rings separating atria from ventricles and passes through the membranous part of the IV spetum

Divides ing right and left AV bundles

Question 26

What is the moderator band?

Answer 26

Part of the right AV bundle

Single specialized trabeculum that formas a bridge between the lower portion of the IV septum and the anterior wall at the base of the anterior papillary muscle

Question 27

What is the function of the vagus nerve innervation to the heart?

Answer 27

Parasympathetics

Decreases heart rate and force of the beat; dilates coronary arteries

Question 28

What is the function of sympathetic nerves to the heart?

Answer 28

Increases heart rate and force of the beat; dilates coronary arteries

Question 29

Describe the sensation innervation to the heart

Answer 29

Heart insensitive to touch and temp

Pain fibers sensitive to metabolic products resulting from ischemia

Question 30

What are the surface markers to the heart?

Answer 30

Right 3rd-6th costal cartilages

Inferior - 6th right costal cartilage to the left 5th intercostal space

Left - 5th intercostal space to 2nd intercostal space

Superior - 2nd left costal cartilage to the right 3rd costal cartilage