Pleura and Lungs

Question 1

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 1

Potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Contains serous fluid

Question 2

What does the pleural cavity develop from?

Answer 2

Coelomic space

Lung growth progressively decreases the size

Question 3

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 3

Excess fluid accumulates within the pleural space

Question 4

What is a closed pneumothorax?

Answer 4

Air enters into the pleural cavity from rupture of air tubes at surface of lungs

Question 5

What is an open pneumothorax?

Answer 5

Air enteris into pleural cavity from channel through thoracic wall by puncture wound

Question 6

Where does referred pain from the pleural appear?

Answer 6

C3, C4, C5 dermatomes

From the phrenic nerve

Question 7

What do the lungs develop from?

Answer 7

Laryngotracheal tube

Bifurcates into lung buds which from main, lovar, and segmental bronchi

Question 8

What germ layer forms the lining of airways?

Answer 8

Endoderm

Question 9

What germ layer forms the connective tissue, cartilage, and muscle of airways?

Answer 9

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 10

What germ layer forms the pleura?

Answer 10

Parietal - somatic mesoderm

Visceral - splanchnic mesoderm

Question 11

What is esophageal atersia?

Answer 11

Absence of normal lumen

Results in polyhydramnios in fetus (amniotic fluid can not reach small intestine for absorption)

Question 12

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 12

Abnormal channel between esophagus and trachea

Can cause polyhydramnios

Question 13

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 13

Collection of tubular structures that supply the lungs

Covered by pleura

Question 14

What is a hilum?

Answer 14

doorway to an organ for its neurovascular supply

Question 15

Where do the bronchial arteries originate and travel?

Answer 15

1 Right bronchial artery branches from the right 3rd intercostal artery

2 left bronchial arteries branch from aorta

Travel with branches of bronchi through lung tissue

Question 16

Where do the bronchial veins drain?

Answer 16

Azygous system of veins

Question 17

What is the function of parasympathetic nerves to the lungs?

Answer 17

Constrict respiratory passageways

Constrict blood vessels

Increase mucous secretion

Question 18

What is the function of sympathetic nerves to the lungs?

Answer 18

Dilate respiratory passageways

Constrict blood vessels

Decrease mucous secretion

Question 19

What is the endothoracic fascia?

Answer 19

Separates the parietal pleura from the ribs and intercostal muscles of the thoracic wall

Question 20

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 20

Slit-like space at the reflection of the costal pleura onto diaphragm

Lungs usually do NOT enter this space with normal inspiration

Question 21

What is the costomediastinal recess?

Answer 21

Space formed by the reglection of the costal pleura to the mediastinal pleura

Anterior margins of the lung pass into this space during inspiration

Question 22

What are the borders of the pleura?

Answer 22

One inch above the medial third of clavicle

Sternal angle - right continues inferiorly to xiphisternal joint, left continues inferiorly to rib 4

Inferior border - Crosses rib 8 at the midclavicular level, crosses rib 10 at the midaxillary level, adjacent to T12 posteriorly

Spinous vertebra of C7 marks the superior-posterior extent of pleura

Question 23

What is pleurisy?

Answer 23

Inflammation of the pleura

Results in an audible sound called pleural friction rub during breathing

Question 24

What is the sensory innervation of the parietal pleura?

Answer 24

Intercostal nerves

Phrenic nerve

Question 25

What are the fissures of the lungs?

Answer 25

Oblique fissure - both, separates superior and inferior lobes

Horizontal - separates middle from superior lobe in right lung

Cardiac notch - indentation in the anterior border of the left superior lobe

Question 26

What is the lingula?

Answer 26

Tongue of the left superior lobe located infeiror to the cardiac notch

Extends into left costomediastinal recess during normal inspiration

Question 27

What is the surface location of the cardiac notch of the left lung?

Answer 27

Further lateral than the parietal pleura between ribs 4-6

Question 28

What is the surface location of the base of the lung?

Answer 28

Midclavicular line at rib 6

Midaxillary line at rib 8

Posteriorly at T10

Question 29

What is the surface location of the oblique fissure?

Answer 29

Extends anteriorly from rib 6 at the costochondral junction to the spine of T3 posteriorly

Question 30

What is the surface location of the horizontal fissure?

Answer 30

Lies along a line from the 4th costal cartilage to the oblique fissure at the midaxillary line

Question 31

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 31

Two layers of pleura in direct contact with each other inferior to the root of the lung

Does not contain major neurovascular structures

Question 32

What level does the trachea divide into the main bronchi?

Answer 32

Sternal Angle

Question 33

What does the right main bronchus divide into?

Answer 33

Superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi

Question 34

What does the left main bronchus divide into?

Answer 34

Superior and inferior lobar bronchi

Question 35

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to non-respiratory tissue?

Answer 35

Two bronchial arteries to the left lung directly from the aorta

One bronchial artery to the right lung from the posterior intercostal artery to the 3rd intercostal space