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Biology (Year 11) FORMER > Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells (PPT 1-4) (U1) > Flashcards

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells (PPT 1-4) (U1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • All organisms are made up of cells
  • All cells come from pre-exisiting cells
  • The cell is the smallest living organisational unit.
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2
Q

What is the difference between a theory and law?

A

A scientific laws the description of an observed phenomenon. (The What!)

A theory is the explanation of the phenomenon. (The Why!)

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3
Q

What is the common cell structure?

A
  • Outer plasma membrane
  • Contain cytoplasm
  • Contain Ribosomes
  • Contain genetic material (DNA)
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4
Q

What are the common cell requirements?

A
  • Energy
  • Nutrients
  • Water
  • Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
  • Remove wastes
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5
Q

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
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6
Q

The structure and function of Carbohydrates?

A

S= The most common compound in cells composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

F=

  • Glucose
  • Cell to cell communication.
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7
Q

The structure and function of Proteins?

A

S= Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Sometimes with Nitrogen added

F= The function of proteins varying depending on its role.

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8
Q

How many amino acids are there?

RE-CONSIDER

A

20

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9
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

They are linked by peptide bonds

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10
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
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11
Q

What are amino acids?

A

They are the basic units of which proteins are made.

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12
Q

The structure and function of Lipids?

A

S= Organic molecules mostly composed of C, H and O.

F= Storage of energy, signalling, structural components of cell membranes.

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A
  • Fats (Triglycerides)
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Waxes
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14
Q

The structure and function of Triglycerides?

A

S= 3 fatty acid chains linked to glycerol

F= Long term energy storage and insulation for animals.

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15
Q

The structure and function of Phospholipids?

A

S= 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate head

F= Make up cell membranes

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16
Q

The structure and function of Steroids?

A

S= 4 fused Carbon rings

F= Varies depending on type.

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17
Q

The structure and function of Waxes?

A

S= Solid at room temperature, insoluble in water.

F= Protective covering for animals and plants.

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18
Q

What are the 5 Nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
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19
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?

A
  • DNA (Doublers helix)

- RNA (Single Strand)

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20
Q

What is the structure of Prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Very small and lack internal compartmentalisation.
  • No true nucleus
  • No internal membrane bound organelles
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21
Q

What is the structure of Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Are larger and have major internal compartmentalisation
  • Has a true nucleus
  • Have membrane bound organelles.
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22
Q

State the similarities between the cell types.

A

Both have…

  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
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23
Q

What is the structure and function of the Plasma/ cell membrane?

A

S= Delicate double layer of phospholipid molecules

F= Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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24
Q

What is the structure and function of the Nucleolus?

A

S= Membrane less structure within the nucleus

F= Where ribosomes are made.

25
Q

What is the structure and function of the Nuclear Membrane

A

S= Double membrane with pores enclosing the nucleus.

F= Controls the movement of materials to and from the inner nucleus.

26
Q

What is the structure and function of Ribosomes?

A

S= Very small organelles, often associated with the RER or free floating in the cytoplasm.

F= Site of protein synthesis.

27
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cytoplasm?

A

S= Contents of the cell other than the nucleus. More than 90% water.

F= Houses the bulk of the organelles.

28
Q

What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

S= A network of intracellular membranes that links with the plasma membrane and other organelles.

F= The production, processing, transport, and storage of materials within the cell.

29
Q

What is the structure and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

S= Covered with Ribosomes

F= Synthesis, folding and modification of protein. Synthesis of membranes.

30
Q

What is the structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

S= Intracellular membranes with no ribosomes attached

F= Synthesis and transport of lipids. Detoxification of drugs and poisons in the cell.

31
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

S= A stack of flat membrane sacs called cisternae that are linked to the ER.

F= Modification of proteins and lipids from the ER.
Sorting, packing and storage of Proteins and Lipids.
Transport in the for of vesicles.

32
Q

What is the structure and function of the Mitochondria?

A

S= Contains many layers of folded membranes. (increase surface area)

F= Where energy transformations that release energy take place.

33
Q

What is the structure and function of Vacuoles?

A

S= Membrane bound fluid filled space

F= (In plants)- Storage and Turgidity.
(In animals)- Smaller, used for intracellular food digestion [food] or water balance [contractile].

34
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cell Wall?

And where is it found?

A

S= Non living structure found outside the plasma membrane

F= Support, prevents cel expansion, allows water and dissolved minerals through.

W= Found in plant and fungi cells.

35
Q

What is the structure and function of Plastids?

And where are they found?

A

S= Double membrane bound organelles.

F= They include Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, and Chromoplasts. 
W= Plant cells only, some algae.
36
Q

What is the structure and function of Chloroplasts?

And where are they found?

A

S= Organelle composed of many folded layers of membranes, green due to presence of chlorophyll.

F= Site of photosynthesis

W= Plant cells only.

37
Q

What is the structure and function of Lysosomes?

And where are they found?

A

S= Membrane bound vesicle that contains powerful enzymes.

F= Breaks down debris and foreign material within the cell.

W= Animal cells only.

38
Q

Eukaryotic cells are constructed of…? (finish the sentence)

A

Membranous organelles.

39
Q

Give 5 examples of membranous organelles.

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum.
  • Vesicles
  • Vacuoles
  • Chloroplasts
40
Q

The more surface area means the more… (finish the sentence).

A

Enzymes.

41
Q

Membranes in the Endomembrane system are related by?

A
  • Direct physical continuity.

- The transfer of membrane segments through vesicles.

42
Q

What does the Endomembrane system include?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi and vesicles
  • Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles.
43
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Organic polymers made up of repeating units of smaller molecules.

44
Q

The Endomembrane system is important in the… (finish the sentence)

A

Synthesis of macromolecules.

45
Q

Most cells have more —– than ——, this is because they produce a lot of —–. (fill in the blanks).

A

1- RER (Rough ER)
2- SER (Smooth ER)
3- Proteins.

46
Q

What happens when vesicles reach the cell wall?

A

They fuse with it, releasing their contents outside of the cell.

47
Q

In what forms do cells store chemical energy? Where are they stored?

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Lipid droplets.

Stored in plastids.

48
Q

Where are lysosomes found?

A

In animal cells only.

49
Q

Where are lysosomes most abundant?

A

In disease fighting cells, such as white blood cells.

50
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

F= To break down unwanted or damaged organelles, foreign microbes, and regular cellular organic material.

51
Q

Where does Photosynthesis occur?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.

52
Q

How does photosynthesis occur?

A

In a series of chemical reactions powered by light energy that combines with carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose.

53
Q

What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have that other organelles do not?

A
  • They both have their own circular DNA and ribosomes.
54
Q

Features of Unicellular organisms?

A
  • Exist as a single unit
  • Uni = one
  • Can be plants, animals, fungi, or bacteria.
55
Q

What is a Multicellular organism?

A
  • An organism made of multiple cells.
56
Q

Cells are specialised for their purpose, meaning what?

A

They are structured for a particular function.

57
Q

All —- of an organism contain the —– ——- instructions, with the ——- of sex —-. (Fill in the blank)

A 
1- Cells 
2- Same 
3- Genetic 
4- Exception 
5- Cells
58
Q

Give some examples of specialised cells.

A
  • Cheek cells
  • Red and white blood cells
  • Epidermal cells
  • Cartilage
  • Bone marrow cells
  • Xylem and phloem cells

Biology (Year 11) FORMER (20 decks)

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