Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells (PPT 1-4) (U1) Flashcards
What is the cell theory?
- All organisms are made up of cells
- All cells come from pre-exisiting cells
- The cell is the smallest living organisational unit.
What is the difference between a theory and law?
A scientific laws the description of an observed phenomenon. (The What!)
A theory is the explanation of the phenomenon. (The Why!)
What is the common cell structure?
- Outer plasma membrane
- Contain cytoplasm
- Contain Ribosomes
- Contain genetic material (DNA)
What are the common cell requirements?
- Energy
- Nutrients
- Water
- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
- Remove wastes
What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
The structure and function of Carbohydrates?
S= The most common compound in cells composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
F=
- Glucose
- Cell to cell communication.
The structure and function of Proteins?
S= Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Sometimes with Nitrogen added
F= The function of proteins varying depending on its role.
How many amino acids are there?
RE-CONSIDER
20
How are amino acids linked?
They are linked by peptide bonds
What are the 4 levels of structure?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What are amino acids?
They are the basic units of which proteins are made.
The structure and function of Lipids?
S= Organic molecules mostly composed of C, H and O.
F= Storage of energy, signalling, structural components of cell membranes.
What are the 4 types of lipids?
- Fats (Triglycerides)
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Waxes
The structure and function of Triglycerides?
S= 3 fatty acid chains linked to glycerol
F= Long term energy storage and insulation for animals.
The structure and function of Phospholipids?
S= 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate head
F= Make up cell membranes
The structure and function of Steroids?
S= 4 fused Carbon rings
F= Varies depending on type.
The structure and function of Waxes?
S= Solid at room temperature, insoluble in water.
F= Protective covering for animals and plants.
What are the 5 Nitrogenous bases?
- Cytosine
- Guanine
- Thymine
- Adenine
- Uracil
What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?
- DNA (Doublers helix)
- RNA (Single Strand)
What is the structure of Prokaryotic cells?
- Very small and lack internal compartmentalisation.
- No true nucleus
- No internal membrane bound organelles
What is the structure of Eukaryotic cells?
- Are larger and have major internal compartmentalisation
- Has a true nucleus
- Have membrane bound organelles.
State the similarities between the cell types.
Both have…
- Ribosomes
- Cytoplasm
- DNA
What is the structure and function of the Plasma/ cell membrane?
S= Delicate double layer of phospholipid molecules
F= Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is the structure and function of the Nucleolus?
S= Membrane less structure within the nucleus
F= Where ribosomes are made.
What is the structure and function of the Nuclear Membrane
S= Double membrane with pores enclosing the nucleus.
F= Controls the movement of materials to and from the inner nucleus.
What is the structure and function of Ribosomes?
S= Very small organelles, often associated with the RER or free floating in the cytoplasm.
F= Site of protein synthesis.
What is the structure and function of the Cytoplasm?
S= Contents of the cell other than the nucleus. More than 90% water.
F= Houses the bulk of the organelles.
What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
S= A network of intracellular membranes that links with the plasma membrane and other organelles.
F= The production, processing, transport, and storage of materials within the cell.
What is the structure and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
S= Covered with Ribosomes
F= Synthesis, folding and modification of protein. Synthesis of membranes.
What is the structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
S= Intracellular membranes with no ribosomes attached
F= Synthesis and transport of lipids. Detoxification of drugs and poisons in the cell.
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
S= A stack of flat membrane sacs called cisternae that are linked to the ER.
F= Modification of proteins and lipids from the ER.
Sorting, packing and storage of Proteins and Lipids.
Transport in the for of vesicles.
What is the structure and function of the Mitochondria?
S= Contains many layers of folded membranes. (increase surface area)
F= Where energy transformations that release energy take place.
What is the structure and function of Vacuoles?
S= Membrane bound fluid filled space
F= (In plants)- Storage and Turgidity.
(In animals)- Smaller, used for intracellular food digestion [food] or water balance [contractile].
What is the structure and function of the Cell Wall?
And where is it found?
S= Non living structure found outside the plasma membrane
F= Support, prevents cel expansion, allows water and dissolved minerals through.
W= Found in plant and fungi cells.
What is the structure and function of Plastids?
And where are they found?
S= Double membrane bound organelles.
F= They include Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, and Chromoplasts. W= Plant cells only, some algae.
What is the structure and function of Chloroplasts?
And where are they found?
S= Organelle composed of many folded layers of membranes, green due to presence of chlorophyll.
F= Site of photosynthesis
W= Plant cells only.
What is the structure and function of Lysosomes?
And where are they found?
S= Membrane bound vesicle that contains powerful enzymes.
F= Breaks down debris and foreign material within the cell.
W= Animal cells only.
Eukaryotic cells are constructed of…? (finish the sentence)
Membranous organelles.
Give 5 examples of membranous organelles.
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
- Golgi apparatus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum.
- Vesicles
- Vacuoles
- Chloroplasts
The more surface area means the more… (finish the sentence).
Enzymes.
Membranes in the Endomembrane system are related by?
- Direct physical continuity.
- The transfer of membrane segments through vesicles.
What does the Endomembrane system include?
- Nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi and vesicles
- Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles.
What are macromolecules?
Organic polymers made up of repeating units of smaller molecules.
The Endomembrane system is important in the… (finish the sentence)
Synthesis of macromolecules.
Most cells have more —– than ——, this is because they produce a lot of —–. (fill in the blanks).
1- RER (Rough ER)
2- SER (Smooth ER)
3- Proteins.
What happens when vesicles reach the cell wall?
They fuse with it, releasing their contents outside of the cell.
In what forms do cells store chemical energy? Where are they stored?
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Lipid droplets.
Stored in plastids.
Where are lysosomes found?
In animal cells only.
Where are lysosomes most abundant?
In disease fighting cells, such as white blood cells.
What is the function of Lysosomes?
F= To break down unwanted or damaged organelles, foreign microbes, and regular cellular organic material.
Where does Photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
How does photosynthesis occur?
In a series of chemical reactions powered by light energy that combines with carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose.
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have that other organelles do not?
- They both have their own circular DNA and ribosomes.
Features of Unicellular organisms?
- Exist as a single unit
- Uni = one
- Can be plants, animals, fungi, or bacteria.
What is a Multicellular organism?
- An organism made of multiple cells.
Cells are specialised for their purpose, meaning what?
They are structured for a particular function.
All —- of an organism contain the —– ——- instructions, with the ——- of sex —-. (Fill in the blank)
1- Cells 2- Same 3- Genetic 4- Exception 5- Cells
Give some examples of specialised cells.
- Cheek cells
- Red and white blood cells
- Epidermal cells
- Cartilage
- Bone marrow cells
- Xylem and phloem cells
