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Biology (Year 11) FORMER > Energy & Metabolism (PPT 9-10) (U1) > Flashcards

Energy & Metabolism (PPT 9-10) (U1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose + oxygen + water

Arrow is the light energy

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2
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O

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3
Q

What do cells need energy for?

A
  • Active transport
  • Synthesis of materials
  • Metabolism
  • Eliminating wastes
  • Manufacture & repair of organelles
  • Reproduction that involves synthesis of new membranes
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4
Q

Can energy be created or destroyed?

A

No, but it can be changed from one form to another.

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5
Q

What are some of the forms energy can come in?

A
  • Light
  • Electrical
  • Heat
  • Chemical
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6
Q

Ultimately, where does all energy originate from?

A

The sun

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7
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds between atoms.

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8
Q

How is chemical energy released?

A

When these bonds between atoms are broken.

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9
Q

What would happen if Glucose was broken down in one big reaction?

A

The energy released would be dangerously large for the cell. Most of it would be lost as the cell could not harness it.

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10
Q

How does the cell transport energy?

A

Through special energy carriers that hold small packets of useable energy.

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11
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

ATP is formed by adding a phosphate group called ADP. This energy comes from the breakdown of glucose.

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12
Q

How does ATP work?

A

It is an energy carrier (like a FedX van). A molecule with a high energy terminal phosphate bond that is easily broken to release a small packet of energy.

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13
Q

Does it cost energy to recharge ADP?

A

Yes, but vert little compared to the amount required to create a whole new ATP molecule.

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14
Q

What do Autotrophs have?

A
  • Ability to synthesis organic molecules from inorganic once.
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15
Q

What are the two types of Autotrophs?

A

1- Those that make glucose during photosynthesis.

2- Some prokaryotes use chemosynthesis

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16
Q

Plants have the ability to…? (Finish the sentence)

A

Harness and trap the light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in the for of glucose.

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17
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

Some autotroph bacteria trap their energy by chemical reactions. (Using chemicals)

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18
Q

What are Heterotrophs? What can’t they do?

A

Animals are unable to use inorganic compounds to make glucose. They get the organic compounds they need by eating other organisms.

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19
Q

What is photosynthesis in a nutshell?

A

1- Light energy is trapped by chlorophyll
2- Used to form ATP molecules by splitting H2O.
3- These ATP molecules are then used to drive carbon dioxide fixation.

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20
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A green pigment molecule.

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21
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In specialised photosynthetic cells that contain lost of chloroplasts.

22
Q

What does the chloroplast consist of?

A

Many internal layers of inner membranes that form sacs of thylakoids called grant and a fluid stroma.

23
Q

ESQ: Like the mitochondria, the chloroplast is an efficiently designed manufacturing organelle which carries out a series of metabolic reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. Explain what makes it so efficient and why it’s well designed for the task.

A

IDK

24
Q

What happens in photosynthetic bacteria?

A

The reactions of photosynthesis take place within the cell itself, not a discrete organelle.

25
Q

What are the two steps involved in photosynthesis?

A

1- The splitting of water using the energy from the sun.

2- The manufactacture of glucose.

26
Q

Name some factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Number of chloroplasts present
  • Supply of reactants
  • Conditions surrounding the reaction
27
Q

How do cells get energy to make ATP in respiration?

A

From ADP, by breaking apart glucose.

28
Q

What is cellular respiration all about?

A

Converting chemical energy stored in glucose and converting it to a form the cells can use.

29
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) The Krebs cycle
3) The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

30
Q

Where does the first stage of respiration occur?

A

In the cytosol (liquid part of the cell)

31
Q

Where do the 2nd and 3rd stage of respiration occur?

A

These stages occur in the mitochondria, but ONLY if oxygen is present.

32
Q

What is the fundamental purpose of respiration?

A

To harness energy in the form of ATP.

33
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A
  • The first stage of respiration

- The splitting of glucose

34
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? & Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A
  • Glycolysis occur in the cytosol (liquid part of the cel)

- No, this stage does not require oxygen

35
Q

What is the fundamental purpose of glycolysis?

A

To split large 6C molecules into smaller, manageable 3C molecules with the bonus of some ATP produced.

36
Q

What is the 2nd stage of respiration and where does it occur?

A
  • Aerobic respiration

- Occurs in the Mitochondria among the cristae (folds).

37
Q

Why does Aerobic respiration occur in the Mitochondria?

A

Because the enzymes required for these reactions are found embedded in the convoluted membranes.

38
Q

How does Aerobic respiration occur?

A

In a series of steps called the Krebs cycle and the Electron transport chain (ETC)

39
Q

What are the stages of the Krebs cycle?

A

1) Each 3C molecule is broken down to form CO2, Hydrogen ions, electrons, & energy.
2) Hydrogen & electrons carved by NADH and FADH2.
3) These molecules are transported to the mitochondria.
4) 2 more ATP molecules are formed.

40
Q

What is the fundamental purpose of ETC?

A

To make a lot of ATP. `

41
Q

How much ATP is formed in the electron transport chain?

A

32 ATP molecules.

42
Q

What are the inputs for respiration?

A
  • Glucose (Glycolysis)

- 6O2 (ETC)

43
Q

What are the outputs of respiration?

A
  • 602 (Krebs cycle))
    6H2O (ETC)
    36 ATP (2 Glycolysis, 2 Krebs cycle, 32 ET Chain)
44
Q

What happens if oxygen is in short supply?

A

Glycolysis will occur as it does not require oxygen. Without oxygen, cells use the anaerobic respiration pathway called fermentation.

45
Q

During fermentation in animal cells, pyruvate is converted… (Finish the sentence)

A

into lactic acid.

46
Q

During fermentation in plant cells, pyruvate is converted… (Finish the sentence)

A

into CO2 and alcohol.

47
Q

What is the point of converting pyruvate if no ATP are formed?

A

If the cell didn’t convert this, the quantities of pyruvate would increase, therefore slowing the glycolysis reaction.

48
Q

How do you measure the rate of cellular respiration?

A

1) Measure the rate the reactants disappear

2) Measure the rate the products are formed.

49
Q

During Fermentation, where do the processes take place?

A

All take place in the cytoplasm without oxygen.

50
Q

What factors affect the rate of cellular respiration?

A
  • Reactant availably (e.g. glucose & oxygen)

- Temperature

Biology (Year 11) FORMER (20 decks)

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