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Biology (Year 11) FORMER > Gas Exchange (PPT 2-4) (U1) > Flashcards

Gas Exchange (PPT 2-4) (U1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do organisms exchange gases?

A
  • Gases cannot be easily stored within living tissues. Most organisms must exchange gas with the atmosphere.
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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Occurs largely in the mitochondria of cells and converts chemical energy in the form if glucose to ATP which is in a format cells can utilise.

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3
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Gas exchange always takes place via diffusion across a moist plasma membrane (passive).

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4
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A
  • When it travels from a high to low concentration down a concentration gradient.
  • Energy is not required.
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5
Q

What factors affect diffusion rates across membranes?

A
  • Size and maintenance of concern gradient.
  • Membrane permeability
  • Available surface area
  • Thickness of the membrane
  • Moisture level of the membrane
  • Temperature
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6
Q

What are the features of an efficient gas exchange surface area?

A
  • SA should be as large as possible
  • Barrier to be crossed should be moist and thin as possible.
  • Need to maintain a favourable concentration gradient.
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7
Q

How is the concentration gradient maintained?

A
  • Ventilation or Breathing

- Adequate Blood Supply

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8
Q

What are gills?

State basic information about gills?

A
  • Gills are an external expansion of the body surface
  • Protected by a hard carapace shell or outer covering.
  • Simple gills are found in organisms like worms and starfish.
  • More complex gill structures are found in more active organisms.
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9
Q

What is the structure of function of Gill Arches?

A

S- Boomerang-shaped bony or cartilaginous structures.

F- Provide support for gills and associated blood vessels.

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10
Q

What is the structure of function of Gill Rakers?

A

S- Bony or cartilaginous projections which point forward and inward from the gill arches.

F- Aid in the fishes feeding by filtering out food particles as water washes over them.

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11
Q

What is the structure of function of Fish Gills?

A

S- Fish gills have several gill arches located on either side of the pharynx.

F-Water is drawn into the mouth and pushed between the gill arches. It forces water between the individual lamellae.
Water passes out through the operculum which covers and protects the gills.

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12
Q

What is the Pharynx found in fish gills?

A

Pharynx is what the back of the throat is called

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13
Q

What is the lamellae?

A

Leaf like structures designed for gas exchange.

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14
Q

What effect does counter current have on the efficiency of gas exchange?

A

Counter current increases efficiency.

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15
Q

What are some adaptions of the gills for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • Large SA:V
  • Permeable membranes
  • Thin (flattened cells)
  • Good vascular (blood) supply.
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16
Q

What are some adaptions of the gills for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • Large SA:V
  • Permeable membranes
  • Thin (flattened cells)
  • Good vascular (blood) supply.
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17
Q

Why do larger organisms need to have some form of internal transport system for gases?

A

Because diffusion alone cannot meet the needs of the inner most cells. They have a higher demand for O2, and removal of CO2.

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18
Q

What are the trachea and bronchi lined with?

Why?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells that secrete mucus.
Why: To stop particles of dust and bacteria. They are trapped by the mucus and then swept upwards by the cilia before being swallowed.

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19
Q

What are the alveoli lined with?

A

A special layer called the alveolus epithelium.

20
Q

What do you need for diffusion to occur effectively?

A
  • Minimal diffusion distance
  • Increased surface area
  • Permeable, thin & moist membranes
  • Favourable concentration gradient that remains.
21
Q

How do mammals ventilate their lungs?

A

By alternate inhalation and exhalation.

22
Q

What is air pressure?

A

Air pressure is simply the force exerted by atoms on a surface as they are pulled by gravity.

23
Q

How is air pressure measured?

A

By using mmHg

24
Q

How does air move?

A

From areas of high pressure to low.

25
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Partial pressure is the pressure a particular gas within a mixture contributes to the whole pressure of the mixture.

26
Q

Why have a transport system?

A

In multicellular organisms not every cell is close to external mediums so the transport is necessary.

27
Q

What needs to be transported?

A
  • Respiratory gases
  • Nutrients and water
  • Wastes
  • Hormones
  • Materials need for defense immunity
  • Heat
28
Q

Where does transport occur?

A
  • Occurs across specialised exchange membranes in organisms.
29
Q

What does a transport system need?

A
  • Transport fluid that has a large carrying capacity
  • Closed system of tubes
  • Pump that pushes the fluid through the tubes.
30
Q

Where is intracellular fluid?

A

Intracellular fluid is cytosol inside cells.

31
Q

Where is extracellular fluid?

A

Extracellular fluid is fluid outside cells plasma membrane.

32
Q

Where is Interstitial fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid is extra cellular fluid that is located in spaces between cells within tissues.

33
Q

Where is plasma fluid?

A

Plasma fluid is clear fluid in the blood

34
Q

What are the three blood types?

A

1- Vein
2- Artery
3- Capillary

35
Q

What do the three blood pipes do?

A

Vein= Carry blood to the heart

Artery= Carry blood away from the heart

Capillary= Join arteries to veins

36
Q

State 3 things about the Arteries and Arterioles

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart
  • Blood is travelling at a high pressure
  • Thick elastic walls to handle pressure
  • Arteries narrow to arterioles to capillaries.
  • Primary function is transport, not exchange
37
Q

State 3 things about the Veins and Venules

A
  • Return blood to the heart
  • Blood not under great pressure
  • Thinner walls
  • To prevent backward flow, they have valves
  • Primary function is transport fluids back to the heart
38
Q

State 3 things about the Arteries and Arterioles

A
  • Smallest diameter of all vessels
  • Red blood cells can only pass single file, reducing the diffusion distance.
  • Structured to facilitate efficient diffusion across thin moist membranes.
  • Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
  • They deliver nutrients gases and collect wastes.
39
Q

What is blood?

What does it carry and do?

A
  • Blood is the bodies transport system.
  • A mixture of plasma and cells
  • Carries water, oxygen and nutrients
  • Removes carbon dioxide and waste materials.
  • Maintains body temperature
40
Q

What is plasma?
What does it contain?
What is its job?

A
  • Liquid part of the blood
  • Made up of 90% water with different substances dissolved. Contains important ions and molecules, including nutrients
  • Transports a variety of materials
41
Q

What does the combination of haemoglobin and oxygen give you?

A
  • Oxyhemoglobin
42
Q

Define dissociate?

A
  • To rapidly release oxygen when the surrounding O2 concentration is low.
43
Q

Define associate?

A
  • To combine readily with oxygen when the surrounding O2 concentration is high.
44
Q

What makes a respiratory pigment effective?

A
  • Combine easily with oxygen when concentration is high (associate)
  • Rapidly release oxygen when concentration is low (dissociate)
45
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried?

A
  • CO2 formed in respiration must be removed as it dissolves to form a weak acid that can cause pH change.
  • Only 7% can be carried in the solution
46
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried?

A
  • 23% combines with Haemoglobin molecules.
  • The remaining % passes into red blood cells where it is converted into hydrogen bonds than diffuses into the blood plasma.

Biology (Year 11) FORMER (20 decks)

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