Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Genes, and Chromosomes

Question 1

condensed, visible, and inactive form of chromatin

Answer 1

heterochromatin

Question 2

less coiled, lightly stained, diffused, and active form of chromatin

Answer 2

euchromatin

Question 3

product of gene expression

Answer 3

(often) proteins

Question 4

process by which information of a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

Answer 4

gene expression

Question 5

study of mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that can be passed from cell to cell and are reversible, but do not involve a change in the sequence of DNA

Answer 5

epigenetics

Question 6

gene expression vary according to:

Answer 6

[CST]
(1) conditions around the cell
(2) signals received at the cell surface membrane
(3) specific cell type (determined during development of embryo)

Question 7

process that makes the function and morphology of each cell unique

Answer 7

gene expression

Question 8

true or false. gene expression patterns change over time and in different cell types

Answer 8

true

Question 9

2 general processes of gene expression:

Answer 9

chromatin remodelling and small RNAs (micro RNAs)

Question 10

in chromatin remodelling, acetyl and phosphate group turn on _____________, while ______ group turns off transcription

Answer 10

in chromatin remodelling, acetyl and phosphate group turn on transcription, while methyl group turns off transcription

Question 11

small RNAs bind to the __ ends of certain mRNAs

Answer 11

3’

Question 12

small RNAs prevent the ___________ of mRNAs into proteins

Answer 12

translation

Question 13

exceptions to gene expression:

Answer 13

[MSEB]
(1) mature RBCs: contain no DNA
(2) sperm and egg: have half the amount of DNA
(3) B cells: some DNA have been rearranged to form antibodies

Question 14

types of heterochromatin:

Answer 14

[KMN - Kill Me Now]
(1) karyosome
(2) marginal chromatin
(3) nucleolar-associated chromatin

Question 15

small piece of DNA that codes for a specific trait

Answer 15

gene

Question 16

DNA is wound around positively charged proteins called ________

Answer 16

histones

Question 17

arrange the steps:
(a) chromatin fibre condense
(b) DNA wraps around histones, forming nucleosomes
(c) condensed chromatin forms a chromosome
(d) nucleosomes condense into a chromatin fibre

Answer 17

B, D, A, C

Question 18

coiled DNA strands to basic proteins called histones

Answer 18

chromatin

Question 19

chromatin that has undergone further condensation

Answer 19

chromosome

Question 20

true or false. chromatin is present in actively dividing cells

Answer 20

false. chromatin is only present in metabolically active cells

chromosomes are the ones present in actively dividing cells

Question 21

chromosomes were discovered by __ and the term was coined by __

(a) C. Von Nageli
(b) W. Waldeyer

Answer 21

A, B

Nageli sounds lyk Magellan who discovered PH so he discovered chromo xd

Question 22

DNA + PROTEIN =

Answer 22

CHROMATIN

Question 23

true or false. all eukaryotes have chromosomes in the interface between cell divisions, but they are diffused throughout the nucleus, and usually unidentifiable

Answer 23

true

Question 24

tightly packed DNA that is found only during cell division, and not used for macromolecule synthesis

Answer 24

chromosome

Question 25

unwound DNA that is found throughout interphase, and used for macromolecule synthesis

Answer 25

chromatin

Question 26

chromosomes are arranged from: (a) largest to smallest (b) smallest to largest

Answer 26

(a) largest to smallest

Question 27

alterations and abnormalities in chromosomes can be identified through the _________

Answer 27

karyotype

Question 28

how many pairs of chromosomes are present when the egg cell and sperm cell meet?

Answer 28

23 pairs

Question 29

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

Answer 29

autosomes

Question 30

morphologically identical members of a homologous pair of chromosomes

Answer 30

homomorphic chromosome pairs

Question 31

the last pair of chromosomes (XX and XY) are called

Answer 31

sex chromosomes

Question 32

a sperm and an egg cell, each containing 23 chromosomes, can form 1 human being. when these chromosomes divide, how many chromosomes will there be?

Answer 32

92

Question 33

_ arm: short arm _ arm: long arm

Answer 33

p arm: short arm q arm: long arm

Question 34

end of the chromosome

Answer 34

telomere

Question 35

constriction and attachment point of chromatids

Answer 35

centromere

Question 36

in females (XX), one X chromosome is tightly coiled and visible while the other is uncoiled in males (XY), the X chromosome is _______

Answer 36

uncoiled

Question 37

it is a small densely staining structure in the cell nuclei of female mammals

Answer 37

barr body

Question 38

the barr body consists of a condensed inactive X chromosome, regarded as

Answer 38

genetic femaleness

Question 39

also known as body cells, it is any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

Answer 39

somatic cells

Question 40

cell containing half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell

Answer 40

germ cell

Question 41

somatic cells have ___ copy/ies of the genome, and are said to be _______

Answer 41

2, diploid

Question 42

germ cells contain ___ copy/ies of the genome are said to be _______

Answer 42

1, haploid

Question 43

these cells are able to unite with one of the opposite sex to form a new individual

Answer 43

germ cells

Question 44

in the diploid state, members of the same chromosomes are referred to as

Answer 44

homologous chromosomes

Question 45

this shows the total chromosomal complement of a cell

Answer 45

karyotype

Question 46

in karyotype, chromosomes are photographed during which process?

Answer 46

mitosis

Question 47

centromere, where two sister chromatids attach, contains a portion where mitotic spindles will attach to. this is termed as

Answer 47

kinetochore

Question 48

centromere is in the middle, and the arms are of equal length

Answer 48

metacentric

Question 49

centromere is between the midpoint and one end

Answer 49

submetacentric

Question 50

centromere is near one end

Answer 50

acrocentric

Question 51

centromere is at the end

Answer 51

telocentric

Question 52

this structure protects the chromosomes during cell division from deterioration, and shortens every cell division

Answer 52

telomere