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Cytogen > Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Genes, and Chromosomes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Genes, and Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

condensed, visible, and inactive form of chromatin

A

heterochromatin

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2
Q

less coiled, lightly stained, diffused, and active form of chromatin

A

euchromatin

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3
Q

product of gene expression

A

(often) proteins

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4
Q

process by which information of a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

A

gene expression

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5
Q

study of mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that can be passed from cell to cell and are reversible, but do not involve a change in the sequence of DNA

A

epigenetics

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6
Q

gene expression vary according to:

A

[CST]
(1) conditions around the cell
(2) signals received at the cell surface membrane
(3) specific cell type (determined during development of embryo)

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7
Q

process that makes the function and morphology of each cell unique

A

gene expression

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8
Q

true or false. gene expression patterns change over time and in different cell types

A

true

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9
Q

2 general processes of gene expression:

A

chromatin remodelling and small RNAs (micro RNAs)

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10
Q

in chromatin remodelling, acetyl and phosphate group turn on _____________, while ______ group turns off transcription

A

in chromatin remodelling, acetyl and phosphate group turn on transcription, while methyl group turns off transcription

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11
Q

small RNAs bind to the __ ends of certain mRNAs

A

3’

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12
Q

small RNAs prevent the ___________ of mRNAs into proteins

A

translation

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13
Q

exceptions to gene expression:

A

[MSEB]
(1) mature RBCs: contain no DNA
(2) sperm and egg: have half the amount of DNA
(3) B cells: some DNA have been rearranged to form antibodies

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14
Q

types of heterochromatin:

A

[KMN - Kill Me Now]
(1) karyosome
(2) marginal chromatin
(3) nucleolar-associated chromatin

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15
Q

small piece of DNA that codes for a specific trait

A

gene

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16
Q

DNA is wound around positively charged proteins called ________

A

histones

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17
Q

arrange the steps:
(a) chromatin fibre condense
(b) DNA wraps around histones, forming nucleosomes
(c) condensed chromatin forms a chromosome
(d) nucleosomes condense into a chromatin fibre

A

B, D, A, C

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18
Q

coiled DNA strands to basic proteins called histones

A

chromatin

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19
Q

chromatin that has undergone further condensation

A

chromosome

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20
Q

true or false. chromatin is present in actively dividing cells

A

false. chromatin is only present in metabolically active cells

chromosomes are the ones present in actively dividing cells

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21
Q

chromosomes were discovered by __ and the term was coined by __

(a) C. Von Nageli
(b) W. Waldeyer

A

A, B

Nageli sounds lyk Magellan who discovered PH so he discovered chromo xd

22
Q

DNA + PROTEIN =

A

CHROMATIN

23
Q

true or false. all eukaryotes have chromosomes in the interface between cell divisions, but they are diffused throughout the nucleus, and usually unidentifiable

A

true

24
Q

tightly packed DNA that is found only during cell division, and not used for macromolecule synthesis

A

chromosome

25
Q

unwound DNA that is found throughout interphase, and used for macromolecule synthesis

A

chromatin

26
Q

chromosomes are arranged from:
(a) largest to smallest
(b) smallest to largest

A

(a) largest to smallest

27
Q

alterations and abnormalities in chromosomes can be identified through the _________

A

karyotype

28
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are present when the egg cell and sperm cell meet?

A

23 pairs

29
Q

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

A

autosomes

30
Q

morphologically identical members of a homologous pair of chromosomes

A

homomorphic chromosome pairs

31
Q

the last pair of chromosomes (XX and XY) are called

A

sex chromosomes

32
Q

a sperm and an egg cell, each containing 23 chromosomes, can form 1 human being. when these chromosomes divide, how many chromosomes will there be?

A

92

33
Q

_ arm: short arm
_ arm: long arm

A

p arm: short arm
q arm: long arm

34
Q

end of the chromosome

A

telomere

35
Q

constriction and attachment point of chromatids

A

centromere

36
Q

in females (XX), one X chromosome is tightly coiled and visible while the other is uncoiled

in males (XY), the X chromosome is _______

A

uncoiled

37
Q

it is a small densely staining structure in the cell nuclei of female mammals

A

barr body

38
Q

the barr body consists of a condensed inactive X chromosome, regarded as

A

genetic femaleness

39
Q

also known as body cells, it is any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

A

somatic cells

40
Q

cell containing half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell

A

germ cell

41
Q

somatic cells have ___ copy/ies of the genome, and are said to be _______

A

2, diploid

42
Q

germ cells contain ___ copy/ies of the genome are said to be _______

A

1, haploid

43
Q

these cells are able to unite with one of the opposite sex to form a new individual

A

germ cells

44
Q

in the diploid state, members of the same chromosomes are referred to as

A

homologous chromosomes

45
Q

this shows the total chromosomal complement of a cell

A

karyotype

46
Q

in karyotype, chromosomes are photographed during which process?

A

mitosis

47
Q

centromere, where two sister chromatids attach, contains a portion where mitotic spindles will attach to. this is termed as

A

kinetochore

48
Q

centromere is in the middle, and the arms are of equal length

A

metacentric

49
Q

centromere is between the midpoint and one end

A

submetacentric

50
Q

centromere is near one end

A

acrocentric

51
Q

centromere is at the end

A

telocentric

52
Q

this structure protects the chromosomes during cell division from deterioration, and shortens every cell division

A

telomere

Cytogen (8 decks)

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