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Cytogen > Introduction to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

passing of traits and biological processes in between generations

A

heredity

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2
Q

unit of heredity

A

genes

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3
Q

study of chromosomes

A

cytogenetics

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4
Q

visible carriers of hereditary material

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

study of inherited variation

A

genetics

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6
Q

categories of traits:

A

[MBP - Most Baluable Player]
(1) morphological
(2) behavioral
(3) physiological

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7
Q

direct consequence of genetic variation

A

phenotypic variation

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8
Q

primary sources of genetics:

A

[MSG]
(1) mutations: changes in DNA
(2) sex: genetic shuffling/new gene combinations
(3) gene flow: movement of genes

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9
Q

areas of genetics:

A

[CME]
(1) classical: chromosomal theory of inheritance
- linear
- Gregor Mendel’s 1st and 2nd law
(2) molecular: central dogma
- DNA cloning
(3) evolutionary: theory of natural selection
- Charles Darwin
- changes in gene frequencies

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10
Q

coined the term cell by studying corks

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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11
Q

discovered protozoa and bacteria in rainwater using and invented the single lens microscope

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674-1683)

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12
Q

published the “origin of species,” which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin (1859)

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13
Q

published the “experiments in plant hybridization,” which laid out the basic theory of genetics and was widely ignored until 1900s

A

Gregor Mendel (1866)

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14
Q

this theory led to the discovery of chromosomes and their behavior

A

basic theory of genetics

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15
Q

isolated nuclein from pus cells and discovered DNA as a distinct molecule

A

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

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16
Q

proved that genetic material is located in the nucleus

A

Ernst Haeckel (1871)

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17
Q

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich von Tschermak rediscovered Mendel’s work during this year

A

1900

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18
Q

a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid because HGD gene lacks the enzyme homogentisate oxidase

A

alkaptonuria

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19
Q

a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid because HGD gene lacks the enzyme homogentisate oxidase

A

alkaptonuria

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20
Q

discovered alkaptonuria

A

Archibald Garrod (1902)

21
Q

hypothesized that the genes are located in chromosomes due to their behavior during meiosis

A

Walter Sutton (1902)

22
Q

coined the term gene

A

William Johanssen

23
Q

coined the term genetics and discovered a linkage between genes

A

William Bateson

24
Q

coined the term epistasis, discovered the science of genetic linkage

A

Reginald Punnett, William Bateson (1910)

25
Q

this means that if two genes are present, a certain gene will make the expression of the other one

A

epistasis

26
Q

proved that genes are located on chromosomes using Drosophila, a fruit fly

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)

27
Q

began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and environmental component

A

R.A. Fisher (1918)

28
Q

began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and environmental component

A

R.A. Fisher (1918)

29
Q

showed that x-rays (radiation) induce mutations

A

Hermann J. Muller (1926)

30
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA can transform bacteria, and that DNA is a hereditary material in the year

A

1944

31
Q

discovered the secondary structure of DNA (double helix)

A

James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)

32
Q

solved the genetic code

A

Marshall Nirenberg (1966)

33
Q

stop codons:

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

34
Q

start codon:

A

AUG

35
Q

in 1970, what was the enzyme found in retroviruses and used in cloning genes?

A

reverse transcriptase

36
Q

the first to create a recombinant DNA mole

A

Paul Berg (1972)

37
Q

combined DNA from different species in vitro, and transform it into bacterial cells (DNA cloning)

A

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1970)

38
Q

introduced bacteriophage

A

Frederick Sanger (1977)

39
Q

invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis (1983)

40
Q

in this technique, a segment of DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in a short time

A

PCR

41
Q

the goal of this project was to sequence and map the genome of man

A

human genome project (1990)

42
Q

the human genome project started during what year?

A

1990

43
Q

the goal of this project was to sequence and map the genome of man

A

human genome project (1990)

44
Q

the term for the collection of all genes

A

genome

45
Q

successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell

A

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (1996)

46
Q

the sequence of the entire human genome was announced in what year?

A

2003

47
Q

experimented on mice

A

Frederick Griffith (1928)

48
Q

said that DNA is not a protein

A

Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase (1952)

49
Q

studied DNA replication details

A

Messelson-Stahl (mid 1950s)

Cytogen (8 decks)

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