Introduction to Cytogenetics

Question 1

passing of traits and biological processes in between generations

Answer 1

heredity

Question 2

unit of heredity

Answer 2

genes

Question 3

study of chromosomes

Answer 3

cytogenetics

Question 4

visible carriers of hereditary material

Answer 4

chromosomes

Question 5

study of inherited variation

Answer 5

genetics

Question 6

categories of traits:

Answer 6

[MBP - Most Baluable Player]
(1) morphological
(2) behavioral
(3) physiological

Question 7

direct consequence of genetic variation

Answer 7

phenotypic variation

Question 8

primary sources of genetics:

Answer 8

[MSG]
(1) mutations: changes in DNA
(2) sex: genetic shuffling/new gene combinations
(3) gene flow: movement of genes

Question 9

areas of genetics:

Answer 9

[CME]
(1) classical: chromosomal theory of inheritance
- linear
- Gregor Mendel’s 1st and 2nd law
(2) molecular: central dogma
- DNA cloning
(3) evolutionary: theory of natural selection
- Charles Darwin
- changes in gene frequencies

Question 10

coined the term cell by studying corks

Answer 10

Robert Hooke (1665)

Question 11

discovered protozoa and bacteria in rainwater using and invented the single lens microscope

Answer 11

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674-1683)

Question 12

published the “origin of species,” which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 12

Charles Darwin (1859)

Question 13

published the “experiments in plant hybridization,” which laid out the basic theory of genetics and was widely ignored until 1900s

Answer 13

Gregor Mendel (1866)

Question 14

this theory led to the discovery of chromosomes and their behavior

Answer 14

basic theory of genetics

Question 15

isolated nuclein from pus cells and discovered DNA as a distinct molecule

Answer 15

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

Question 16

proved that genetic material is located in the nucleus

Answer 16

Ernst Haeckel (1871)

Question 17

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich von Tschermak rediscovered Mendel’s work during this year

Answer 17

1900

Question 18

a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid because HGD gene lacks the enzyme homogentisate oxidase

Answer 18

alkaptonuria

Question 19

a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid because HGD gene lacks the enzyme homogentisate oxidase

Answer 19

alkaptonuria

Question 20

discovered alkaptonuria

Answer 20

Archibald Garrod (1902)

Question 21

hypothesized that the genes are located in chromosomes due to their behavior during meiosis

Answer 21

Walter Sutton (1902)

Question 22

coined the term gene

Answer 22

William Johanssen

Question 23

coined the term genetics and discovered a linkage between genes

Answer 23

William Bateson

Question 24

coined the term epistasis, discovered the science of genetic linkage

Answer 24

Reginald Punnett, William Bateson (1910)

Question 25

this means that if two genes are present, a certain gene will make the expression of the other one

Answer 25

epistasis

Question 26

proved that genes are located on chromosomes using Drosophila, a fruit fly

Answer 26

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)

Question 27

began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and environmental component

Answer 27

R.A. Fisher (1918)

Question 28

began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and environmental component

Answer 28

R.A. Fisher (1918)

Question 29

showed that x-rays (radiation) induce mutations

Answer 29

Hermann J. Muller (1926)

Question 30

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA can transform bacteria, and that DNA is a hereditary material in the year

Answer 30

1944

Question 31

discovered the secondary structure of DNA (double helix)

Answer 31

James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)

Question 32

solved the genetic code

Answer 32

Marshall Nirenberg (1966)

Question 33

stop codons:

Answer 33

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 34

start codon:

Answer 34

AUG

Question 35

in 1970, what was the enzyme found in retroviruses and used in cloning genes?

Answer 35

reverse transcriptase

Question 36

the first to create a recombinant DNA mole

Answer 36

Paul Berg (1972)

Question 37

combined DNA from different species in vitro, and transform it into bacterial cells (DNA cloning)

Answer 37

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1970)

Question 38

introduced bacteriophage

Answer 38

Frederick Sanger (1977)

Question 39

invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 39

Kary Mullis (1983)

Question 40

in this technique, a segment of DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in a short time

Answer 40

PCR

Question 41

the goal of this project was to sequence and map the genome of man

Answer 41

human genome project (1990)

Question 42

the human genome project started during what year?

Answer 42

1990

Question 43

the goal of this project was to sequence and map the genome of man

Answer 43

human genome project (1990)

Question 44

the term for the collection of all genes

Answer 44

genome

Question 45

successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell

Answer 45

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (1996)

Question 46

the sequence of the entire human genome was announced in what year?

Answer 46

2003

Question 47

experimented on mice

Answer 47

Frederick Griffith (1928)

Question 48

said that DNA is not a protein

Answer 48

Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase (1952)

Question 49

studied DNA replication details

Answer 49

Messelson-Stahl (mid 1950s)