Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
passing of traits and biological processes in between generations
heredity
unit of heredity
genes
study of chromosomes
cytogenetics
visible carriers of hereditary material
chromosomes
study of inherited variation
genetics
categories of traits:
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(1) morphological
(2) behavioral
(3) physiological
direct consequence of genetic variation
phenotypic variation
primary sources of genetics:
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(1) mutations: changes in DNA
(2) sex: genetic shuffling/new gene combinations
(3) gene flow: movement of genes
areas of genetics:
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(1) classical: chromosomal theory of inheritance
- linear
- Gregor Mendel’s 1st and 2nd law
(2) molecular: central dogma
- DNA cloning
(3) evolutionary: theory of natural selection
- Charles Darwin
- changes in gene frequencies
coined the term cell by studying corks
Robert Hooke (1665)
discovered protozoa and bacteria in rainwater using and invented the single lens microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674-1683)
published the “origin of species,” which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin (1859)
published the “experiments in plant hybridization,” which laid out the basic theory of genetics and was widely ignored until 1900s
Gregor Mendel (1866)
this theory led to the discovery of chromosomes and their behavior
basic theory of genetics
isolated nuclein from pus cells and discovered DNA as a distinct molecule
Friedrich Miescher (1869)
proved that genetic material is located in the nucleus
Ernst Haeckel (1871)
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich von Tschermak rediscovered Mendel’s work during this year
1900
a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid because HGD gene lacks the enzyme homogentisate oxidase
alkaptonuria
a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid because HGD gene lacks the enzyme homogentisate oxidase
alkaptonuria
discovered alkaptonuria
Archibald Garrod (1902)
hypothesized that the genes are located in chromosomes due to their behavior during meiosis
Walter Sutton (1902)
coined the term gene
William Johanssen
coined the term genetics and discovered a linkage between genes
William Bateson
coined the term epistasis, discovered the science of genetic linkage
Reginald Punnett, William Bateson (1910)
this means that if two genes are present, a certain gene will make the expression of the other one
epistasis
proved that genes are located on chromosomes using Drosophila, a fruit fly
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)
began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and environmental component
R.A. Fisher (1918)
began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and environmental component
R.A. Fisher (1918)
showed that x-rays (radiation) induce mutations
Hermann J. Muller (1926)
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA can transform bacteria, and that DNA is a hereditary material in the year
1944
discovered the secondary structure of DNA (double helix)
James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
solved the genetic code
Marshall Nirenberg (1966)
stop codons:
UAA, UAG, UGA
start codon:
AUG
in 1970, what was the enzyme found in retroviruses and used in cloning genes?
reverse transcriptase
the first to create a recombinant DNA mole
Paul Berg (1972)
combined DNA from different species in vitro, and transform it into bacterial cells (DNA cloning)
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1970)
introduced bacteriophage
Frederick Sanger (1977)
invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis (1983)
in this technique, a segment of DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in a short time
PCR
the goal of this project was to sequence and map the genome of man
human genome project (1990)
the human genome project started during what year?
1990
the goal of this project was to sequence and map the genome of man
human genome project (1990)
the term for the collection of all genes
genome
successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell
Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (1996)
the sequence of the entire human genome was announced in what year?
2003
experimented on mice
Frederick Griffith (1928)
said that DNA is not a protein
Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase (1952)
studied DNA replication details
Messelson-Stahl (mid 1950s)