Fertilization and Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

how many days does sperm survive in a woman’s body

A

3 days

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2
Q

egg cell must be fertilized within

A

12-24 hours

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3
Q

changes that occur between the sperm and ovum, allowing only one sperm to penetrate the ovum

A

capacitation

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4
Q

steps in fertilization:

A

[JVP]
(1) Jelly coat
(2) Vitelline envelope
(3) Plasma membrane fuse

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5
Q

this needs to be penetrated in order for the sperm to fuse with the oocyte

A

corona radiata

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6
Q

contains digestive enzymes to eat away the jelly layer

A

acrosome cap

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7
Q

species-specific boundary involved in sperm-egg recognition

A

vitelline envelope

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8
Q

what disappears and appears when egg and sperm plasma membrane fuse?

A

ovum disappears
pro-nuclei (two sets of chromosomes) appear

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9
Q

mitotic division of a zygote into a morula

A

cleavage

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10
Q

ball of cells that form a blastula that implants in the uterus

A

morula

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11
Q

termed as primitive germ cells; surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

A

primordial follicle

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12
Q

arrested stage; does not complete meiosis I until after puberty; several layers of granulosa cells; theca folliculi; zona pellucida

A

primary follicle

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13
Q

found between the primary oocyte and granulosa cell

A

zona pellucida

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14
Q

theca interna; theca externa; antrum; corona radiata

A

secondary follicle

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15
Q

cavity filled with follicular fluid produced by granulosa cells

A

antrum

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16
Q

occurs before ovulation; diploid before it undergoes mitosis to become two haploids of unequal size

A

mature follicle

17
Q

two haploid cells

A

first polar body
secondary oocyte

18
Q

discarded nuclear material

A

first polar body

19
Q

undergoes meiosis II and stops at metaphase II

A

mature follicle

20
Q

if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what happens

A

menstruation occurs

21
Q

if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, what happens?

A

meiosis II resumes

22
Q

initiates follicular growth and secretion of estrogen; needed to form oocyte

23
Q

promotes the formation of corpus luteum; stimulates the production of estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

24
Q

stimulates further development of ovarian follicles

25
inhibits the secretion of FSH and stops the production of LH
inhibin
26
stages of embryogenesis
fertilization -> zygote -> morula -> blastocyst -> embryo
27
results of fertilization:
determination of sex reassociation of male and female sets of chromosomes to full diploid number activation of ovum into cleavafe
28
stages of prenatal development:
(1) pre-embryonic period (2) embryonic period (3) fetal period
29
amniotic cavity forms between the inner cell and zygote during what week
2nd week
30
occurs third to eighth weeks when all manor organ systems begin to develop
embryonic period
31
when does fetal period end?
at birth
32
fertile men
63% moving soerm more than 12% normal sperm shape and structure
33
infertile men
below 13.5 m sperm count >32% sperm motility >9% normal sperm appearance
34
habits that can induce sperm count
testicular overheating emotional stress
35
entrance of multiple sperm
polyspermy
36
what occurs during polyspermy
fast change of electrical potential of egg plasma membrane, egg releases all of their Ca ions (sperm confusion) - sperm will not enter
37
the lower yolky portion of the egg; opposite of the animal hemisphere
vegetal hemisphere
38
implantation starts when
blastocyst attached to the endometrium
39
what produces HCG
Trophoblast of the blastocyst