Nucleic Acids

Question 1

structure in the cell nucleus thought to be the carrier of genetic information

Answer 1

chromosomes

Question 2

portion of a chromosome that controls a specific ineritable trait

Answer 2

gene

Question 3

sum of all genes

Answer 3

genome

Question 4

one of the major macromolecules in the body responsible for storing and expressing genetic information

Answer 4

nucleic acids

Question 5

double-stranded, stores genetic information and protein-coding information, transfers information to daughter cells

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

sugar in DNA

Answer 6

2’-deoxyribose

Question 7

4 nucleotide bases in DNA

Answer 7

[CATG]
(1) Cytosine
(2) Adenine
(3) Thymine
(4) Guanine

Question 8

single-stranded

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

sugar in RNA

Answer 9

ribose

Question 10

4 nucleotide bases in RNA

Answer 10

[UAGC]
(1) Uracil
(2) Adenine
(3) Guanine
(4) Cytosine

Question 11

single building block of nucleic acids

Answer 11

nucleotide

Question 12

parts of the nucleotide:

Answer 12

[PNS]
(1) Phosphate group
(2) Nitrogenous base
(3) Sugars

Question 13

the sugar in DNA, 2’-deoxyribose, means that

Answer 13

an oxygen atom is missing from the C2 position of ribose

Question 14

two types of bases and examples:

Answer 14

[PURe As Gold; CUT the PY]
Purine
- Guanine
- Adenine
Pyrimidine
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Thymine

Question 15

a nitrogenous base that has two fused nitrogen-containing ring

Answer 15

purine

Question 16

a nitrogenous base that has one nitrogen-containing ring

Answer 16

pyrimidine

Question 17

SUGAR + BASE =

Answer 17

NUCLEOSIDE

Sugar + base = nucleoSide

Question 18

base pairing in DNA

Answer 18

A=T (DNA)
A=U (RNA)
G=C (DNA and RNA)

Question 19

bond connecting the sugar’s 5C atom and nitrogenous base

Answer 19

glycosidic bond

Question 20

examples of nucleosides:

Answer 20

[GADDUCT]
Guanosine
Adenosine
Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyguanosine
Uridine
Cytidine
Thymidine

Question 21

NUCLEOSIDE + PHOSPHATE =

Answer 21

NUCLEOTIDE

nucleoside + phosphaTe = nucleoTide

Question 22

monomers of the DNA and RNA polymers

Answer 22

nucleotides

Question 23

each nucleotide is a _________ of a nucleotide

Answer 23

phosphodiester

Question 24

nucleotides are named by adding ___ at the end of the nucleoside

Answer 24

5’-monophosphate

Question 25

nucleotides can add additional phosphate groups to form _______

Answer 25

diphosphate or triphosphate esters

Question 26

two phosphate groups

Answer 26

adenosine diphosphate

Question 27

phosphate group is linked to the __ carbon of the same sugar unit and simultaneously to the __ carbon of the next sugar unit

Answer 27

5' to 3'

Question 28

a nucleotide is linked to the __ of the next nucleotide

Answer 28

hydroxyl group at the 3'-carbon

Question 29

how many hydrogen bonds are present between adenine and thymine?

Answer 29

2

Question 30

how many hydrogen bonds are present between cytosine and guanine?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

backbone of nucleic acid

Answer 31

sugar and phosphate

Question 32

what is the bond between base pairs/bond that holds the nitrogenous base of one strand to that of another?

Answer 32

hydrogen bonds

Question 33

one end of DNA has 5'-monophosphate and the other has a 3' hydroxyl group. what characteristic does DNA exhibit?

Answer 33

polarity

Question 34

this states that (A and T) and (G and C) are present in equimolar quantities

Answer 34

Chargaff's Rule

Question 35

who obtained x-ray diffraction photographs based on x-ray crystallography to analyze DNA structure, and found a cross in the center of the DNA structure?

Answer 35

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Question 36

the ratio of correspondence between purine and pyrimidine

Answer 36

1:1

Question 37

are bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 37

hydrophobic that's why bases are located inside the sugar and phosphate backbone, which are exposed to the aqueous environment

Question 38

the polarity of two DNA strands run opposite of each other. this means that DNA strands are

Answer 38

antiparallel

Question 39

what force of attraction allows DNA and histones to combine to form nucleosomes?

Answer 39

electrostatic (ionic) forces

Question 40

in a nucleosome, _ histones form a ____, which a ___-base pair DNA double helix is wound

Answer 40

8, core, 147

Question 41

types of RNA:

Answer 41

[MRT] Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 42

RNA that codes for proteins and amino acid sequences

Answer 42

mRNA

Question 43

how many mRNA bases are needed to form a codon, which corresponds to specific amino acids?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

RNA that forms the core of the structure that makes proteins?

Answer 44

rRNA

Question 45

RNA that matches codes for amino acids on mRNA and positions the right amino acid in place during protein synthesis

Answer 45

tRNA

Question 46

it carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus directly to the cytoplasm

Answer 46

mRNA

Question 47

how many bases does mRNA usually contain?

Answer 47

500-4500 bases

Question 48

also called "transcripts"

Answer 48

mRNA

Question 49

how many nucleotides does rRNA contain?

Answer 49

100-3000 nucleotides

Question 50

2 subunits of ribosomes

Answer 50

(1) large: catalyzes peptide bond formation - contains 3 ribosomal RNA molecules (2) small: binds mRNA and tRNA - contains 1 ribosomal RNA molecule

Question 51

the subunits of ribosomes are separated in the _____ and joins at the site of ______ in protein synthesis

Answer 51

cytoplasm, initiation

Question 52

how many nucleotides does tRNA contain?

Answer 52

73-93 nucleotides per chain

Question 53

how many tRNA are different from each of the 20 amino acids?

Answer 53

at least one

Question 54

characteristic of a tRNA

Answer 54

clover leaf shape some bases form weak chemical bonds with each other, resulting to folding of the tRNA into loops

Question 55

how many bases does an anticodon contain?

Answer 55

3

Question 56

what catalyzes the splicing of mRNA?

Answer 56

ribozyme

Question 57

genetic information flows in how many directions?

Answer 57

one direction

Question 58

this is the template or starting sequence that is copied into RNA, that is then used to make protein

Answer 58

DNA | DNA -> RNA -> protein

Question 59

2 steps in the transmission of information

Answer 59

transcription and translation

Question 60

this is called the transcript

Answer 60

RNA chain

Question 61

product of transcription

Answer 61

mRNA chain

Question 62

where does transcription occur?

Answer 62

nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 63

in this process, information encoded in an mRNA molecule is used to assemble a specific protein

Answer 63

translation

Question 64

transcription is carried out by

Answer 64

RNA polymerase

Question 65

translation is performed on

Answer 65

ribosomes

Question 66

replication is carried out by

Answer 66

DNA polymerase

Question 67

what copies RNA into DNA?

Answer 67

reverse transcriptase

Question 68

coding or expressed sequences

Answer 68

exons

Question 69

noncoding or intervening sequences

Answer 69

introns | these should be removed in the mRNA

Question 70

what removes introns and join all exons together?

Answer 70

ribozyme