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Cytogen > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

structure in the cell nucleus thought to be the carrier of genetic information

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

portion of a chromosome that controls a specific ineritable trait

A

gene

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3
Q

sum of all genes

A

genome

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4
Q

one of the major macromolecules in the body responsible for storing and expressing genetic information

A

nucleic acids

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5
Q

double-stranded, stores genetic information and protein-coding information, transfers information to daughter cells

A

DNA

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6
Q

sugar in DNA

A

2’-deoxyribose

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7
Q

4 nucleotide bases in DNA

A

[CATG]
(1) Cytosine
(2) Adenine
(3) Thymine
(4) Guanine

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8
Q

single-stranded

A

RNA

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9
Q

sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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10
Q

4 nucleotide bases in RNA

A

[UAGC]
(1) Uracil
(2) Adenine
(3) Guanine
(4) Cytosine

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11
Q

single building block of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

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12
Q

parts of the nucleotide:

A

[PNS]
(1) Phosphate group
(2) Nitrogenous base
(3) Sugars

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13
Q

the sugar in DNA, 2’-deoxyribose, means that

A

an oxygen atom is missing from the C2 position of ribose

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14
Q

two types of bases and examples:

A

[PURe As Gold; CUT the PY]
Purine
- Guanine
- Adenine
Pyrimidine
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Thymine

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15
Q

a nitrogenous base that has two fused nitrogen-containing ring

A

purine

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16
Q

a nitrogenous base that has one nitrogen-containing ring

A

pyrimidine

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17
Q

SUGAR + BASE =

A

NUCLEOSIDE

Sugar + base = nucleoSide

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18
Q

base pairing in DNA

A

A=T (DNA)
A=U (RNA)
G=C (DNA and RNA)

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19
Q

bond connecting the sugar’s 5C atom and nitrogenous base

A

glycosidic bond

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20
Q

examples of nucleosides:

A

[GADDUCT]
Guanosine
Adenosine
Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyguanosine
Uridine
Cytidine
Thymidine

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21
Q

NUCLEOSIDE + PHOSPHATE =

A

NUCLEOTIDE

nucleoside + phosphaTe = nucleoTide

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22
Q

monomers of the DNA and RNA polymers

A

nucleotides

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23
Q

each nucleotide is a _________ of a nucleotide

A

phosphodiester

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24
Q

nucleotides are named by adding ___ at the end of the nucleoside

A

5’-monophosphate

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25
Q

nucleotides can add additional phosphate groups to form _______

A

diphosphate or triphosphate esters

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26
Q

two phosphate groups

A

adenosine diphosphate

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27
Q

phosphate group is linked to the __ carbon of the same sugar unit and simultaneously to the __ carbon of the next sugar unit

A

5’ to 3’

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28
Q

a nucleotide is linked to the __ of the next nucleotide

A

hydroxyl group at the 3’-carbon

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29
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are present between adenine and thymine?

A

2

30
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are present between cytosine and guanine?

A

3

31
Q

backbone of nucleic acid

A

sugar and phosphate

32
Q

what is the bond between base pairs/bond that holds the nitrogenous base of one strand to that of another?

A

hydrogen bonds

33
Q

one end of DNA has 5’-monophosphate and the other has a 3’ hydroxyl group. what characteristic does DNA exhibit?

A

polarity

34
Q

this states that (A and T) and (G and C) are present in equimolar quantities

A

Chargaff’s Rule

35
Q

who obtained x-ray diffraction photographs based on x-ray crystallography to analyze DNA structure, and found a cross in the center of the DNA structure?

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

36
Q

the ratio of correspondence between purine and pyrimidine

A

1:1

37
Q

are bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

that’s why bases are located inside the sugar and phosphate backbone, which are exposed to the aqueous environment

38
Q

the polarity of two DNA strands run opposite of each other. this means that DNA strands are

A

antiparallel

39
Q

what force of attraction allows DNA and histones to combine to form nucleosomes?

A

electrostatic (ionic) forces

40
Q

in a nucleosome, _ histones form a ____, which a ___-base pair DNA double helix is wound

A

8, core, 147

41
Q

types of RNA:

A

[MRT]
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

42
Q

RNA that codes for proteins and amino acid sequences

A

mRNA

43
Q

how many mRNA bases are needed to form a codon, which corresponds to specific amino acids?

A

3

44
Q

RNA that forms the core of the structure that makes proteins?

A

rRNA

45
Q

RNA that matches codes for amino acids on mRNA and positions the right amino acid in place during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

46
Q

it carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus directly to the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

47
Q

how many bases does mRNA usually contain?

A

500-4500 bases

48
Q

also called “transcripts”

A

mRNA

49
Q

how many nucleotides does rRNA contain?

A

100-3000 nucleotides

50
Q

2 subunits of ribosomes

A

(1) large: catalyzes peptide bond formation
- contains 3 ribosomal RNA molecules
(2) small: binds mRNA and tRNA
- contains 1 ribosomal RNA molecule

51
Q

the subunits of ribosomes are separated in the _____ and joins at the site of ______ in protein synthesis

A

cytoplasm, initiation

52
Q

how many nucleotides does tRNA contain?

A

73-93 nucleotides per chain

53
Q

how many tRNA are different from each of the 20 amino acids?

A

at least one

54
Q

characteristic of a tRNA

A

clover leaf shape

some bases form weak chemical bonds with each other, resulting to folding of the tRNA into loops

55
Q

how many bases does an anticodon contain?

A

3

56
Q

what catalyzes the splicing of mRNA?

A

ribozyme

57
Q

genetic information flows in how many directions?

A

one direction

58
Q

this is the template or starting sequence that is copied into RNA, that is then used to make protein

A

DNA

DNA -> RNA -> protein

59
Q

2 steps in the transmission of information

A

transcription and translation

60
Q

this is called the transcript

A

RNA chain

61
Q

product of transcription

A

mRNA chain

62
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm

63
Q

in this process, information encoded in an mRNA molecule is used to assemble a specific protein

A

translation

64
Q

transcription is carried out by

A

RNA polymerase

65
Q

translation is performed on

A

ribosomes

66
Q

replication is carried out by

A

DNA polymerase

67
Q

what copies RNA into DNA?

A

reverse transcriptase

68
Q

coding or expressed sequences

A

exons

69
Q

noncoding or intervening sequences

A

introns

these should be removed in the mRNA

70
Q

what removes introns and join all exons together?

A

ribozyme

Cytogen (8 decks)

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