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AQA AS Biology > Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What organelles do plant cells have?

A
  • Cell surface membranes- Cellulose cell wall- Large ribosomes- R.E.R- S.E.R- Nucleus- Mitochondria- Lysosomes- Cytoplasm- Golgi apparatus - Chloroplasts- Permanent vacuole
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2
Q

What organelles do animal cells have?

A
  • Cell surface membranes- Large ribosomes- R.E.R- S.E.R- Nucleus- Mitochondria- Lysosomes- Cytoplasm- Golgi apparatus
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3
Q

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

A
  • Chloroplasts- Permanent vacuole - Cellulose cell wall
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4
Q

What are algae like?

A
  • Single celled- Same as plant cells
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5
Q

What are fungi like?

A
  • No chloroplasts- Cell wall made of chitin
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6
Q

All our tissues originate from which type of cells?

A

Stem cells

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7
Q

Where are the white blood cells that initially start as stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

What is the process called when cells become specialised?

A

Differentiation

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9
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

A

Plant or Animal

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10
Q

In which organelle is the location of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

What name is given to the green substance within chloroplasts?

A

Chlorophyll

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12
Q

What are palisade cells used for within plants?

A

Maximise photosynthesis

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13
Q

How many membranes surround a chloroplast?

A

2

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14
Q

In which organelle would you find a thylakoid membrane and lamella?

A

Chloroplast

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15
Q

What is the function of lamellae within chloroplasts?

A

Links the grana together

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16
Q

Thylakoids membranes are stacked up inside a chloroplast to form what?

A

Grana

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17
Q

Which organelles are not found in animal cells?

A
  • Chloroplasts - Vacuoles - Cell wall- Plasmids
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18
Q

Which part of the cells are concerned with respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

Which part of the cell contains hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

Microfilaments are made of:

A

Protein

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21
Q

The part of a cell with genetic information is the…

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

The location inside a cell where proteins are made is the…

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

The structure that is partially permeable is…

A

Cell membrane

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24
Q

What substance moves in Osmosis?

A

Water

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25
Q

In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

A cell membrane is:

A

Partially permeable

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27
Q

Tissues combined together to form…

A

Organs

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28
Q

Epithelium is an example of…

A

Simple tissue

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29
Q

What type of cell is a bacteria cell?

A

Prokaryotic

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30
Q

Which type of cell is an animal cell?

A

Eukaryotic

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31
Q

A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large, and has membrane bound organelles. What type of cell is this?

A

Eukaryotic

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32
Q

A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple, and no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. What type of cell is this?

A

Prokaryotic

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33
Q

Outer viral ‘proteins’ also act as

A

Antigens

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34
Q

The genetic material present in HIV is

A

Single stranded RNA

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35
Q

What is the nucleus?

A
  • Where chromosomes are found- It controls the cells activities- It makes ribosomes
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36
Q

What is the nucleus made of?

A
  • Nuclear membrane- Nucleolus- Chromatin- Nuclear pores
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37
Q

What is the R.E.R?

A
  • It is attached to the nucleus- It is a network of fluid filled membranes - Covered in ribosome- It modifies and folds proteins
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38
Q

What is the S.E.R?

A
  • Same as R.E.R but no ribosomes- Not attached to the nucleus
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39
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • A group of fluid filled sacs- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids- Puts them into vesicles for transport - Makes lysosomes
40
Q

What is the golgi apparatus made of?

A
  • Golgi body (fluid filled sacs)- Golgi vesicles
41
Q

What is the function of the golgi vesicles?

A
  • Store and transport lipids and proteins- Transport proteins and lipids in and out the cell
42
Q

What is a lysosome?

A
  • Special type of golgi vesicle
43
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes (Lysozomal enzymes/ lysozomes)- Digestive enzymes used to hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles
44
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

A
  • Outer membrane- Folded inner membrane (cristae)- Inner matrix
45
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration- Makes ATP
46
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A
  • Double membrane- Starch grains- Stroma- Thylakoids- Grana (stacks of thylakoids)- Lamellae (joins grana together)
47
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A
  • Site of photosynthesis- Contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy
48
Q

What is the structure of a cell wall?

A
  • Strong- Plants/algae: cellulose- Fungi: chitin- Bacteria: meurin
49
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A
  • Prevents cell from changing shape or bursting
50
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A
  • Very small- Makes proteins- Made of proteins and RNA- Often attached to R.E.R
51
Q

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A
  • Membrane bound- Fluid filled sac- Membrane: tomoplast- Contains sugars and salts
52
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A
  • Prevents cell from freezing- Keeps cells turgid
53
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells that have evolved to carry out a specific function, they need different adaptions to do this efficiently

54
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of cells working together to perform a certain function

55
Q

What are organs?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a certain function

56
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a certain function

57
Q

Give an example of a specialised cell

A

Epithelial cells (ileum)

58
Q

Give an example of a tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

59
Q

Give an example of an organ

A

Small intestine

60
Q

Give an example of an organ system

A

Digestive system

61
Q

How is an epithelial cell in the ileum adapted to its function?

A
  • Microvilli increased surface area for more absorption - Lots of mitochondrialots of ATP for active transport
62
Q

How is a protein produced and secreted?

A

In the nucleus DNA is transcribed to mRNA using RNA polymerase. mRNA is then translated into an amino acid chain on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The amino acid chain (primary structure of a protein) is then transported to the golgi body in a vesicle where it is modified and folded into a protein. The protein is then packaged into a golgi vesicle and transported to the cell surface membrane where the vesicle fuses with the membrane and ejects the protein on the other side of the membrane in the process of excocytosis

63
Q

What type of organelles will not be found in prokaryotes?

A

Membrane bound organelles

64
Q

Give examples or organelles not found in prokaryotes

A
  • Nucleus- Golgi apparatus- Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth or rough)- Lysosomes- Mitochondria- Chloroplasts
65
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

66
Q

What organelles are found in all prokaryotes?

A
  • Loop of DNA- Cytoplasm- Small ribosomes- Cell membrane- Cell wall
67
Q

What organelles can be found in prokaryotes?

A
  • Loop of DNA- Cytoplasm- Small ribosomes- Cell membrane- Cell wall- Capsule- Flagella- Plasmids
68
Q

Give the structure and function of the loop of DNA in a prokaryote?

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles so do not have a nucleus, instead, they have a loop of DNA which is free in the cytoplasm

69
Q

Give the structure and function of the ribosomes in a prokaryote?

A

They are smaller than in eukaryotes, are made from RNA and proteins and make proteins

70
Q

Give the structure and function of the cell membrane in a prokaryote?

A

Controls the movement in and out of the cell, it is semi permeable.

71
Q

Give the structure and function of the cell wall in a prokaryote?

A

Used for strength and support and in bacteria is made from murin (a glycoprotein)

72
Q

Give the structure and function of the capsule in a prokaryote?

A

A slime layer used for extra protection, e.g. in bacteria it is used as protection from the bodies immune responce

73
Q

Give the structure and function of the flagella in a prokaryote?

A

Used for movement by rotating

74
Q

Give the structure and function of the plasmids in a prokaryote?

A

They are small loops of DNA containing the useful genes such as the gene for antibiotic resistance. They can be passed between different bacteria.

75
Q

Define prokaryote

A

Single celled organisms

76
Q

Give examples of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archae

77
Q

Discuss the presence or absence of a nucleus in prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead they have a circular loop of DNA that is free floating in the cytoplasm. The DNA carried by prokaryotic cells contains no introns and is not found around histones

78
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?

A

No

79
Q

List some membrane bound organelles

A
  • Mitochondria- Chloroplast- Nucleus- RER/SER- Golgi body - Lysosomes
80
Q

What is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Small

81
Q

Are cell walls found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Yes, e.g. a murin cell wall is found in bacteria cells

82
Q

Are plasmids present in prokaryotic cells?

A

Yes

83
Q

Are slime capsules found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Yes but only in some

84
Q

Define eukaryote?

A

More complex cells e.g. animal cells, plant cells and fungi

85
Q

Do eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus?

A

Yes - it is found as a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores which holds the nucleolus and the chromatin

86
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?

A

Yes

87
Q

What is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

Big

88
Q

Are cell walls found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Yes, in some- Animal cells = no cell wall- Plant cells = yes, made of cellulose- Fungi = yes, made of chitin

89
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have plasmids?

A

No

90
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a slime capsule?

A

No

91
Q

What do viruses have?

A
  • Genetic material (RNA or DNA)- A capsid- Attachment proteins
92
Q

What do attachments proteins do for a virus?

A

They attach it to a host cell

93
Q

What type of cells are viruses and why?

A

They are acellular because they have no cell

94
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No

95
Q

Why aren’t viruses alive?

A

They cannot replicate without another living cell

96
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They attach onto a hosts receptor proteins with their complementary receptor proteins and inject their genetic material which hijacks the hosts cell and the viruses uses the hosts cells organelles to reproduce more viruses

AQA AS Biology (18 decks)

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