Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
What organelles do plant cells have?
- Cell surface membranes- Cellulose cell wall- Large ribosomes- R.E.R- S.E.R- Nucleus- Mitochondria- Lysosomes- Cytoplasm- Golgi apparatus - Chloroplasts- Permanent vacuole
What organelles do animal cells have?
- Cell surface membranes- Large ribosomes- R.E.R- S.E.R- Nucleus- Mitochondria- Lysosomes- Cytoplasm- Golgi apparatus
What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells dont?
- Chloroplasts- Permanent vacuole - Cellulose cell wall
What are algae like?
- Single celled- Same as plant cells
What are fungi like?
- No chloroplasts- Cell wall made of chitin
All our tissues originate from which type of cells?
Stem cells
Where are the white blood cells that initially start as stem cells found?
Bone marrow
What is the process called when cells become specialised?
Differentiation
Give an example of a eukaryotic cell
Plant or Animal
In which organelle is the location of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
What name is given to the green substance within chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
What are palisade cells used for within plants?
Maximise photosynthesis
How many membranes surround a chloroplast?
2
In which organelle would you find a thylakoid membrane and lamella?
Chloroplast
What is the function of lamellae within chloroplasts?
Links the grana together
Thylakoids membranes are stacked up inside a chloroplast to form what?
Grana
Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
- Chloroplasts - Vacuoles - Cell wall- Plasmids
Which part of the cells are concerned with respiration?
Mitochondria
Which part of the cell contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosomes
Microfilaments are made of:
Protein
The part of a cell with genetic information is the…
Nucleus
The location inside a cell where proteins are made is the…
Ribosomes
The structure that is partially permeable is…
Cell membrane
What substance moves in Osmosis?
Water
In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
A cell membrane is:
Partially permeable
Tissues combined together to form…
Organs
Epithelium is an example of…
Simple tissue
What type of cell is a bacteria cell?
Prokaryotic
Which type of cell is an animal cell?
Eukaryotic
A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large, and has membrane bound organelles. What type of cell is this?
Eukaryotic
A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple, and no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. What type of cell is this?
Prokaryotic
Outer viral ‘proteins’ also act as
Antigens
The genetic material present in HIV is
Single stranded RNA
What is the nucleus?
- Where chromosomes are found- It controls the cells activities- It makes ribosomes
What is the nucleus made of?
- Nuclear membrane- Nucleolus- Chromatin- Nuclear pores
What is the R.E.R?
- It is attached to the nucleus- It is a network of fluid filled membranes - Covered in ribosome- It modifies and folds proteins
What is the S.E.R?
- Same as R.E.R but no ribosomes- Not attached to the nucleus
What is the golgi apparatus?
- A group of fluid filled sacs- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids- Puts them into vesicles for transport - Makes lysosomes
What is the golgi apparatus made of?
- Golgi body (fluid filled sacs)- Golgi vesicles
What is the function of the golgi vesicles?
- Store and transport lipids and proteins- Transport proteins and lipids in and out the cell
What is a lysosome?
- Special type of golgi vesicle
What is the function of a lysosome?
- Contains digestive enzymes (Lysozomal enzymes/ lysozomes)- Digestive enzymes used to hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles
What is the structure of a mitochondria?
- Outer membrane- Folded inner membrane (cristae)- Inner matrix
What is the function of a mitochondria?
- Site of aerobic respiration- Makes ATP
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
- Double membrane- Starch grains- Stroma- Thylakoids- Grana (stacks of thylakoids)- Lamellae (joins grana together)
What is the function of a chloroplast?
- Site of photosynthesis- Contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy
What is the structure of a cell wall?
- Strong- Plants/algae: cellulose- Fungi: chitin- Bacteria: meurin
What is the function of a cell wall?
- Prevents cell from changing shape or bursting
What is the function of a ribosome?
- Very small- Makes proteins- Made of proteins and RNA- Often attached to R.E.R
What is the structure of a vacuole?
- Membrane bound- Fluid filled sac- Membrane: tomoplast- Contains sugars and salts
What is the function of a vacuole?
- Prevents cell from freezing- Keeps cells turgid
What are specialised cells?
Cells that have evolved to carry out a specific function, they need different adaptions to do this efficiently
What are tissues?
A group of cells working together to perform a certain function
What are organs?
A group of tissues working together to perform a certain function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to perform a certain function
Give an example of a specialised cell
Epithelial cells (ileum)
Give an example of a tissue
Epithelial tissue
Give an example of an organ
Small intestine
Give an example of an organ system
Digestive system
How is an epithelial cell in the ileum adapted to its function?
- Microvilli increased surface area for more absorption - Lots of mitochondrialots of ATP for active transport
How is a protein produced and secreted?
In the nucleus DNA is transcribed to mRNA using RNA polymerase. mRNA is then translated into an amino acid chain on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The amino acid chain (primary structure of a protein) is then transported to the golgi body in a vesicle where it is modified and folded into a protein. The protein is then packaged into a golgi vesicle and transported to the cell surface membrane where the vesicle fuses with the membrane and ejects the protein on the other side of the membrane in the process of excocytosis
What type of organelles will not be found in prokaryotes?
Membrane bound organelles
Give examples or organelles not found in prokaryotes
- Nucleus- Golgi apparatus- Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth or rough)- Lysosomes- Mitochondria- Chloroplasts
How do bacteria divide?
Binary fission
What organelles are found in all prokaryotes?
- Loop of DNA- Cytoplasm- Small ribosomes- Cell membrane- Cell wall
What organelles can be found in prokaryotes?
- Loop of DNA- Cytoplasm- Small ribosomes- Cell membrane- Cell wall- Capsule- Flagella- Plasmids
Give the structure and function of the loop of DNA in a prokaryote?
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles so do not have a nucleus, instead, they have a loop of DNA which is free in the cytoplasm
Give the structure and function of the ribosomes in a prokaryote?
They are smaller than in eukaryotes, are made from RNA and proteins and make proteins
Give the structure and function of the cell membrane in a prokaryote?
Controls the movement in and out of the cell, it is semi permeable.
Give the structure and function of the cell wall in a prokaryote?
Used for strength and support and in bacteria is made from murin (a glycoprotein)
Give the structure and function of the capsule in a prokaryote?
A slime layer used for extra protection, e.g. in bacteria it is used as protection from the bodies immune responce
Give the structure and function of the flagella in a prokaryote?
Used for movement by rotating
Give the structure and function of the plasmids in a prokaryote?
They are small loops of DNA containing the useful genes such as the gene for antibiotic resistance. They can be passed between different bacteria.
Define prokaryote
Single celled organisms
Give examples of prokaryotes
Bacteria and archae
Discuss the presence or absence of a nucleus in prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead they have a circular loop of DNA that is free floating in the cytoplasm. The DNA carried by prokaryotic cells contains no introns and is not found around histones
Do prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
No
List some membrane bound organelles
- Mitochondria- Chloroplast- Nucleus- RER/SER- Golgi body - Lysosomes
What is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?
Small
Are cell walls found in prokaryotic cells?
Yes, e.g. a murin cell wall is found in bacteria cells
Are plasmids present in prokaryotic cells?
Yes
Are slime capsules found in prokaryotic cells?
Yes but only in some
Define eukaryote?
More complex cells e.g. animal cells, plant cells and fungi
Do eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus?
Yes - it is found as a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores which holds the nucleolus and the chromatin
Do eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
Yes
What is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes?
Big
Are cell walls found in eukaryotic cells?
Yes, in some- Animal cells = no cell wall- Plant cells = yes, made of cellulose- Fungi = yes, made of chitin
Do eukaryotic cells have plasmids?
No
Do eukaryotic cells have a slime capsule?
No
What do viruses have?
- Genetic material (RNA or DNA)- A capsid- Attachment proteins
What do attachments proteins do for a virus?
They attach it to a host cell
What type of cells are viruses and why?
They are acellular because they have no cell
Are viruses alive?
No
Why aren’t viruses alive?
They cannot replicate without another living cell
How do viruses reproduce?
They attach onto a hosts receptor proteins with their complementary receptor proteins and inject their genetic material which hijacks the hosts cell and the viruses uses the hosts cells organelles to reproduce more viruses
