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AQA AS Biology > ATP, Water and Inorganic Ions > Flashcards

ATP, Water and Inorganic Ions Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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2
Q

Why is ATP useful?

A
  • Releases energy in small quantities- It is broken down in a single reaction- It can add a phosphate to other molecules to make them more reactive- It is easily resynthesised
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3
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine DiPhosphate

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4
Q

How many phosphates does ATP have?

A

3

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5
Q

How many phosphates does ADP have?

A

2

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6
Q

What is the pentose sugar in ATP and ADP?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Where does ATP store energy?

A

In the bonds between phosphates

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8
Q

How is ATP made?

A

A phosphate molecule is added to ADP in a condensation reaction which is catalysed by ATP synthase and takes energy in

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9
Q

How is ATP broken?

A

By ATP Hydrolyse in a hydrolysis reaction which releases energy out

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10
Q

What can the hydrolysis of ATP be coupled with?

A

Energy requiring reactions within cells

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11
Q

What can inorganic phosphate be used for?

A

Phosphorylating other compounds to make them more reactive

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12
Q

What is water?

A

A polar molecule

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13
Q

Why is water polar?

A

It has a delta positive end and a delta negative end

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14
Q

What do many water molecules form?

A

Hydrogen bonds which are weak interactions between the delta positive hydrogen and the delta negative oxygen

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15
Q

Why do water molecules have a delta negative charge?

A

Because unpaired electrons have a slightly negative charge

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16
Q

Why do hydrogen molecules have a delta positive charge?

A

Hydrogens electron is closer to oxygen leaving a slight positive charge

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17
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid that other substances can dissolve in?

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18
Q

How does water dissolve ionic compounds?

A

The polar delta changes on hydrogen and oxygen surround the anions and cations of the ionic compound matching their charge so they can break free and dissolve

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19
Q

How is water used for transport?

A

Water molecules can stick together because of hydrogen bonds and cohesion makes it possible to pull water upwards.

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20
Q

What does cohesion allow for?

A

Surface tension when water meets air

21
Q

How is water a metabolite?

A

Water is necessary for the condensation and hydrolysis reactions involved in breaking down and forming molecules

22
Q

What are the two features of water that make it good for temperature control?

A

It has a high latent heat of evaporation and a high specific heat capacity

23
Q

Why does water have a high latent heat of evaporation?

A

Takes a lot of energy to break hydrogen bonds therefore evaporation is an effective for of cooling e.g. sweating

24
Q

What does a high specific heat capacity mean?

A

It takes a lot of energy to heat up or cool down water because of the H bonds between molecules so aquatic environments maintain a stable temperature

25
Q

What don’t inorganic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

26
Q

Where do inorganic compounds occur?

A

In the cytoplasm and body fluids

27
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has lost or gained electrons (charged)

28
Q

What is a positive ion known as?

A

A cation

29
Q

What is a negative ion known as?

A

An anion

30
Q

What is pH a measure of?

A

H+ ions in solution

31
Q

What can H+ ions do in the body?

A

They are very reactive so can react with the bonds found in proteins to change their tertiary structure which can denature an enzyme

32
Q

Where are iron ions important?

A

They are found in haemoglobin (a protein with a quaternary structure) where they carry oxygen

33
Q

Where are sodium ions important?

A

They help other molecules move across membranes

34
Q

Where are phosphate ions important?

A

They are found in ATP, DNA and RNA. In DNA and RNA condensation reactions between phosphate groups form phosphodiester bonds and polynucleotides

35
Q

What are potassium ions used for?

A

Nerve impulse transmission

36
Q

What are calcium ions used for?

A

Nerve impulse transmission

37
Q

What are magnesium ions used for?

A

They are found in the active sites of some enzymes which are involved in catalysing the breakdown of ATP

38
Q

What are chloride ions used for?

A

Balancing the positive charges of sodium and potassium ions in cells

39
Q

How are plants able to get the glucose in order for them to respire and produce ATP?

A

Photosynthesis

40
Q

How many phosphate groups does a molecule of ATP contain?

A

3

41
Q

What does the abbreviation ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Tri-phosphate

42
Q

What units are used to measure energy?

A

Joules

43
Q

What type of reaction breaks down ATP to form ADP and Pi?

A

Hydrolysis

44
Q

Which organisms don’t synthesise ATP within its mitochondria?

A

Bacteria

45
Q

When ATP is hydrolysed, how many steps does it take?

A

1

46
Q

In which way does ATP store energy?

A

In the bonds between phosphate groups

47
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

The ability to do work

48
Q

If ATP is hydrolysed and has one phosphate group removed, what is the new molecule called?

A

ADP

AQA AS Biology (18 decks)

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