ATP, Water and Inorganic Ions Flashcards
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine TriPhosphate
Why is ATP useful?
- Releases energy in small quantities- It is broken down in a single reaction- It can add a phosphate to other molecules to make them more reactive- It is easily resynthesised
What is ADP?
Adenosine DiPhosphate
How many phosphates does ATP have?
3
How many phosphates does ADP have?
2
What is the pentose sugar in ATP and ADP?
Ribose
Where does ATP store energy?
In the bonds between phosphates
How is ATP made?
A phosphate molecule is added to ADP in a condensation reaction which is catalysed by ATP synthase and takes energy in
How is ATP broken?
By ATP Hydrolyse in a hydrolysis reaction which releases energy out
What can the hydrolysis of ATP be coupled with?
Energy requiring reactions within cells
What can inorganic phosphate be used for?
Phosphorylating other compounds to make them more reactive
What is water?
A polar molecule
Why is water polar?
It has a delta positive end and a delta negative end
What do many water molecules form?
Hydrogen bonds which are weak interactions between the delta positive hydrogen and the delta negative oxygen
Why do water molecules have a delta negative charge?
Because unpaired electrons have a slightly negative charge
Why do hydrogen molecules have a delta positive charge?
Hydrogens electron is closer to oxygen leaving a slight positive charge
What is a solvent?
A liquid that other substances can dissolve in?
How does water dissolve ionic compounds?
The polar delta changes on hydrogen and oxygen surround the anions and cations of the ionic compound matching their charge so they can break free and dissolve
How is water used for transport?
Water molecules can stick together because of hydrogen bonds and cohesion makes it possible to pull water upwards.
What does cohesion allow for?
Surface tension when water meets air
How is water a metabolite?
Water is necessary for the condensation and hydrolysis reactions involved in breaking down and forming molecules
What are the two features of water that make it good for temperature control?
It has a high latent heat of evaporation and a high specific heat capacity
Why does water have a high latent heat of evaporation?
Takes a lot of energy to break hydrogen bonds therefore evaporation is an effective for of cooling e.g. sweating
What does a high specific heat capacity mean?
It takes a lot of energy to heat up or cool down water because of the H bonds between molecules so aquatic environments maintain a stable temperature
What don’t inorganic compounds contain?
Carbon
Where do inorganic compounds occur?
In the cytoplasm and body fluids
What is an ion?
An atom that has lost or gained electrons (charged)
What is a positive ion known as?
A cation
What is a negative ion known as?
An anion
What is pH a measure of?
H+ ions in solution
What can H+ ions do in the body?
They are very reactive so can react with the bonds found in proteins to change their tertiary structure which can denature an enzyme
Where are iron ions important?
They are found in haemoglobin (a protein with a quaternary structure) where they carry oxygen
Where are sodium ions important?
They help other molecules move across membranes
Where are phosphate ions important?
They are found in ATP, DNA and RNA. In DNA and RNA condensation reactions between phosphate groups form phosphodiester bonds and polynucleotides
What are potassium ions used for?
Nerve impulse transmission
What are calcium ions used for?
Nerve impulse transmission
What are magnesium ions used for?
They are found in the active sites of some enzymes which are involved in catalysing the breakdown of ATP
What are chloride ions used for?
Balancing the positive charges of sodium and potassium ions in cells
How are plants able to get the glucose in order for them to respire and produce ATP?
Photosynthesis
How many phosphate groups does a molecule of ATP contain?
3
What does the abbreviation ATP stand for?
Adenosine Tri-phosphate
What units are used to measure energy?
Joules
What type of reaction breaks down ATP to form ADP and Pi?
Hydrolysis
Which organisms don’t synthesise ATP within its mitochondria?
Bacteria
When ATP is hydrolysed, how many steps does it take?
1
In which way does ATP store energy?
In the bonds between phosphate groups
What is the definition of energy?
The ability to do work
If ATP is hydrolysed and has one phosphate group removed, what is the new molecule called?
ADP
