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AQA AS Biology > Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small molecules that can be joined together to form polymers.

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large molecules formed from many small molecules joined together.

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3
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

What are the polymers of carbohydrates called?

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is a common example of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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6
Q

What are the monomers of proteins called?

A

Amino Acids

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7
Q

What are polymers of proteins called?

A

Proteins or polypeptides

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8
Q

What are the monomers of fats/lipids called?

A

Tryglycerides or phospholipids

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9
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the polymers of nucleic acids called?

A

DNA or RNA

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11
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A type of reaction where two molecules join together to form one larger molecule and water

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12
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A type of reaction where one large molecule is split apart using a molecule of water

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13
Q

What type of reaction is the transition from monomer to polymer?

A

Condensation

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14
Q

What type of reaction is the transition from polymer to monomer?

A

Hydrolysis

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15
Q

What type of reaction forms maltose and water from 2 molecules of alpha-glucose?

A

Condensation

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16
Q

What is needed for the hydrolysis of maltose?

A

Water

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17
Q

What is formed from the hydrolysis of maltose?

A

2 molecules of alpha-glucose

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18
Q

What bond is formed from the condensation of 2 alpha-glucose molecules?

A

Glycosidic

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19
Q

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =

A

Disaccharide

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20
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

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21
Q

Glucose + Fructose =

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

Glucose + Galactose =

A

Lactose

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23
Q

What are maltose, sucrose and lactose?

A

Disaccharides

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24
Q

What are glucose, fructose and galactose?

A

Monosaccharides

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25
Q

How many carbon atoms does glucose have?

A

6

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26
Q

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

C, H and O

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27
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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28
Q

What type of a sugar is glucose?

A

Hexose

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29
Q

What is different about alpha and beta glucose?

A

In alpha glucose all the OH groups are on the bottom whereas in beta glucose they are on alternate sides

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30
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic

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31
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together in condensation reactions

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32
Q

What are the 3 main polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, Starch and Glycogen

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33
Q

What are the 2 forms of starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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34
Q

Where is Cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls

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35
Q

What is Cellulose a polymer of?

A

Beta-glucose

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36
Q

What bonds join beta-glucose molecules to form Cellulose?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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37
Q

What is the structure of Cellulose?

A

Long unbranched chains

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38
Q

What do many chains of Cellulose form?

A

Microfibrils

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39
Q

What forms between microfibrils?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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40
Q

What is Celluloses main role?

A

Plant cell walls

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41
Q

Is Cellulose soluble?

A

No therefore it has no effect on osmosis or the water potential of the cell

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42
Q

Why is Cellulose used in cell walls?

A

Because it is strong (due to the microfibrils and the hydrogen bonds) and it is insoluble

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43
Q

What does Cellulose prevent?

A

Cells from bursting

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44
Q

Where are amylose and amylopectin found?

A

In plants

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45
Q

What is the function of amylose?

A

Energy storage

46
Q

What is the function of amylopectin?

A

Rapid glucose hydrolysis for respiration

47
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A

Unbranched, coiled alpha-glucose chains

48
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched chains of alpha-glucose

49
Q

What bonds form amylose and amylopectin?

A

Glycosidic

50
Q

Why does amylopectin allow for quicker energy release than amylose?

A

Amylopectin has branched ends therefore many glucose molecules can be hydrolysed at once whereas amylose has one long coiled chain

51
Q

Are amylose and amylopectin soluble?

A

No, therefore they have no effect on osmosis or water potential

52
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine

53
Q

What is a positive result on the test for starch?

A

A blue-black colour will form

54
Q

What is a negative result on the test for starch?

A

No colour change, the iodine will remain orange

55
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In animals

56
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Energy storage

57
Q

What monomer makes up glycogen?

A

alpha-glucose

58
Q

Is glycogen more branched than amylopectin?

59
Q

Why is glycogen more branched than amylopectin?

A

Because glycogen has to provide glucose for humans, who have a higher metabolic rate than plants

60
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Monosaccharides and some disaccharides

61
Q

What are non-reducing sugars?

A

Polysaccharides and most disaccharides

62
Q

What is the test called that tests for reducing sugars?

A

Benedicts test

63
Q

How is benedicts test carried out?

A
  1. Benedicts solution is added2. The mixture is heated to 100 degrees
64
Q

What is a strong positive result for benedicts test?

65
Q

What is a strong negative result for benedicts test?

66
Q

What is benedicts test?

A

Qualitative, therefore the amount of reducing sugar can be measured by the change in colour e.g. a yellow result would mean some reducing sugar is present but there is less than there is in a solution that would produce a red result

67
Q

If benedicts test gives a blue result what might still be present?

A

A non-reducing sugar

68
Q

How do you test for a non-reducing sugar?

A

By adding HCl and boiling the solution then carrying out benedicts test.

69
Q

Why is HCl added and the substance boiled when testing for a non-reducing sugar?

A

To break apart the glycosidic bonds holding the disaccharide/polysaccharide together

70
Q

When testing for a non-reducing sugar, what is a strong positive result?

71
Q

When testing for a non-reducing sugar, what does a blue result mean?

A

There is no carbohydrate present in the solution/substance

72
Q

What elements can be found in triglycerides??

73
Q

What is a triglyceride made of?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

74
Q

How is a triglyceride formed?

A

A condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

75
Q

What bonds form between the glycerol and the fatty acid chain?

A

Ester bonds

76
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms

77
Q

What do saturated fatty acids cause?

A

An Increase in cholesterol and LDLs

78
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

79
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids have less of?

80
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds between carbon atoms

81
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage

82
Q

Are triglycerides soluble?

A

No they are insoluble, therefore have no effect on osmosis or water potential

83
Q

What do triglycerides form in water?

A

insoluble droplets with hydrophobic tails on the inside

84
Q

How is a phospholipid different to a triglyceride?

A

The glycerol backbone has only 2 fatty acids bonded to it and has a phosphate group replacing the 3rd fatty acid chain

85
Q

What are phospholipids used for?

A

forming cell membranes

86
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

They form a phospholipid bilayer (with the hydrophilic heads facing out and the hydrophobic tails facing in) forming a hydrophobic space which can be used to control substances entering and leaving the cell

87
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

The emulsion test

88
Q

How do you carry out the emulsion test?

A

Mix the substance with ethanol and add water

89
Q

How do you carry out the emulsions test if the substance is a solid?

A

First break it apart mix with water then carry out the emulsion test

90
Q

What is a positive result for the emulsion test?

A

The formation of a white precipitate

91
Q

Which monomers form carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

92
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars (e.g. Glucose)?

A

Benedicts Test

93
Q

When many alpha glucose molecules are bonded together in an unbranched chain, which molecule is produced?

94
Q

When many beta glucose molecules are bonded together in an unbranched chain, which molecule is produced?

95
Q

What type of reaction takes place to form glucose from glycogen?

A

Hydrolysis

96
Q

In cellulose, what bond joins the beta glucose molecules together ?

A

Glycosidic

97
Q

Which molecule is formed when two alpha glucose molecules join by a condensation reaction?

98
Q

What bonds hold cellulose chains together to form a microfibril?

99
Q

When monosaccharides bond together, what reaction takes place?

A

Condensation

100
Q

In animals, what is the main energy storage material?

101
Q

In plants, what is the main energy storage material?

102
Q

Where in a plant cell is cellulose found?

103
Q

Where in an animal cell is cellulose found?

A

It isn’t

104
Q

What biological molecule do you test for with the Iodine test?

105
Q

Which monomers joins to form a starch molecule?

A

Alpha glucose

106
Q

What respiratory substrate is released from the hydrolysis of glycogen?

107
Q

If a lipid has a polysaccharide chain attached to it, what is it called?

A

Glycolipid

108
Q

What type of fatty acid has no double bonds?

109
Q

What is a glycoprotein made up of?

A

A protein and a carbohydrate

110
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

The Emulsion test

111
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

AQA AS Biology (18 decks)

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