Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
1
Q
What are monomers?
A
Small molecules that can be joined together to form polymers.
2
Q
What are polymers?
A
Large molecules formed from many small molecules joined together.
3
Q
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
A
Monosaccharides
4
Q
What are the polymers of carbohydrates called?
A
Polysaccharides
5
Q
What is a common example of a monosaccharide?
A
Glucose
6
Q
What are the monomers of proteins called?
A
Amino Acids
7
Q
What are polymers of proteins called?
A
Proteins or polypeptides
8
Q
What are the monomers of fats/lipids called?
A
Tryglycerides or phospholipids
9
Q
What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?
A
Nucleotides
10
Q
What are the polymers of nucleic acids called?
A
DNA or RNA
11
Q
What is a condensation reaction?
A
A type of reaction where two molecules join together to form one larger molecule and water
12
Q
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A
A type of reaction where one large molecule is split apart using a molecule of water
13
Q
What type of reaction is the transition from monomer to polymer?
A
Condensation
14
Q
What type of reaction is the transition from polymer to monomer?
A
Hydrolysis
15
Q
What type of reaction forms maltose and water from 2 molecules of alpha-glucose?
A
Condensation
16
Q
What is needed for the hydrolysis of maltose?
A
Water
17
Q
What is formed from the hydrolysis of maltose?
A
2 molecules of alpha-glucose
18
Q
What bond is formed from the condensation of 2 alpha-glucose molecules?
A
Glycosidic
19
Q
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =
A
Disaccharide
20
Q
Glucose + Glucose =
A
Maltose
21
Q
Glucose + Fructose =
A
Sucrose
22
Q
Glucose + Galactose =
A
Lactose
23
Q
What are maltose, sucrose and lactose?
A
Disaccharides
24
Q
What are glucose, fructose and galactose?
A
Monosaccharides
25
How many carbon atoms does glucose have?
6
26
What elements are found in carbohydrates?
C, H and O
27
What is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
28
What type of a sugar is glucose?
Hexose
29
What is different about alpha and beta glucose?
In alpha glucose all the OH groups are on the bottom whereas in beta glucose they are on alternate sides
30
What bond forms between two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic
31
What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosaccharides joined together in condensation reactions
32
What are the 3 main polysaccharides?
Cellulose, Starch and Glycogen
33
What are the 2 forms of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
34
Where is Cellulose found?
Plant cell walls
35
What is Cellulose a polymer of?
Beta-glucose
36
What bonds join beta-glucose molecules to form Cellulose?
Glycosidic bonds
37
What is the structure of Cellulose?
Long unbranched chains
38
What do many chains of Cellulose form?
Microfibrils
39
What forms between microfibrils?
Hydrogen bonds
40
What is Celluloses main role?
Plant cell walls
41
Is Cellulose soluble?
No therefore it has no effect on osmosis or the water potential of the cell
42
Why is Cellulose used in cell walls?
Because it is strong (due to the microfibrils and the hydrogen bonds) and it is insoluble
43
What does Cellulose prevent?
Cells from bursting
44
Where are amylose and amylopectin found?
In plants
45
What is the function of amylose?
Energy storage
46
What is the function of amylopectin?
Rapid glucose hydrolysis for respiration
47
What is the structure of amylose?
Unbranched, coiled alpha-glucose chains
48
What is the structure of amylopectin?
Branched chains of alpha-glucose
49
What bonds form amylose and amylopectin?
Glycosidic
50
Why does amylopectin allow for quicker energy release than amylose?
Amylopectin has branched ends therefore many glucose molecules can be hydrolysed at once whereas amylose has one long coiled chain
51
Are amylose and amylopectin soluble?
No, therefore they have no effect on osmosis or water potential
52
What is the test for starch?
Add iodine
53
What is a positive result on the test for starch?
A blue-black colour will form
54
What is a negative result on the test for starch?
No colour change, the iodine will remain orange
55
Where is glycogen found?
In animals
56
What is the function of glycogen?
Energy storage
57
What monomer makes up glycogen?
alpha-glucose
58
Is glycogen more branched than amylopectin?
Yes
59
Why is glycogen more branched than amylopectin?
Because glycogen has to provide glucose for humans, who have a higher metabolic rate than plants
60
What are reducing sugars?
Monosaccharides and some disaccharides
61
What are non-reducing sugars?
Polysaccharides and most disaccharides
62
What is the test called that tests for reducing sugars?
Benedicts test
63
How is benedicts test carried out?
1. Benedicts solution is added2. The mixture is heated to 100 degrees
64
What is a strong positive result for benedicts test?
Red
65
What is a strong negative result for benedicts test?
Blue
66
What is benedicts test?
Qualitative, therefore the amount of reducing sugar can be measured by the change in colour e.g. a yellow result would mean some reducing sugar is present but there is less than there is in a solution that would produce a red result
67
If benedicts test gives a blue result what might still be present?
A non-reducing sugar
68
How do you test for a non-reducing sugar?
By adding HCl and boiling the solution then carrying out benedicts test.
69
Why is HCl added and the substance boiled when testing for a non-reducing sugar?
To break apart the glycosidic bonds holding the disaccharide/polysaccharide together
70
When testing for a non-reducing sugar, what is a strong positive result?
Red
71
When testing for a non-reducing sugar, what does a blue result mean?
There is no carbohydrate present in the solution/substance
72
What elements can be found in triglycerides??
C,H and O
73
What is a triglyceride made of?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
74
How is a triglyceride formed?
A condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
75
What bonds form between the glycerol and the fatty acid chain?
Ester bonds
76
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms
77
What do saturated fatty acids cause?
An Increase in cholesterol and LDLs
78
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
79
What do unsaturated fatty acids have less of?
Hydrogen
80
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds between carbon atoms
81
What is the function of triglycerides?
Energy storage
82
Are triglycerides soluble?
No they are insoluble, therefore have no effect on osmosis or water potential
83
What do triglycerides form in water?
insoluble droplets with hydrophobic tails on the inside
84
How is a phospholipid different to a triglyceride?
The glycerol backbone has only 2 fatty acids bonded to it and has a phosphate group replacing the 3rd fatty acid chain
85
What are phospholipids used for?
forming cell membranes
86
What do phospholipids do?
They form a phospholipid bilayer (with the hydrophilic heads facing out and the hydrophobic tails facing in) forming a hydrophobic space which can be used to control substances entering and leaving the cell
87
What is the test for lipids?
The emulsion test
88
How do you carry out the emulsion test?
Mix the substance with ethanol and add water
89
How do you carry out the emulsions test if the substance is a solid?
First break it apart mix with water then carry out the emulsion test
90
What is a positive result for the emulsion test?
The formation of a white precipitate
91
Which monomers form carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
92
What is the test for reducing sugars (e.g. Glucose)?
Benedicts Test
93
When many alpha glucose molecules are bonded together in an unbranched chain, which molecule is produced?
Amylose
94
When many beta glucose molecules are bonded together in an unbranched chain, which molecule is produced?
Cellulose
95
What type of reaction takes place to form glucose from glycogen?
Hydrolysis
96
In cellulose, what bond joins the beta glucose molecules together ?
Glycosidic
97
Which molecule is formed when two alpha glucose molecules join by a condensation reaction?
Maltose
98
What bonds hold cellulose chains together to form a microfibril?
Hydrogen
99
When monosaccharides bond together, what reaction takes place?
Condensation
100
In animals, what is the main energy storage material?
Glycogen
101
In plants, what is the main energy storage material?
Starch
102
Where in a plant cell is cellulose found?
Cell wall
103
Where in an animal cell is cellulose found?
It isn't
104
What biological molecule do you test for with the Iodine test?
Starch
105
Which monomers joins to form a starch molecule?
Alpha glucose
106
What respiratory substrate is released from the hydrolysis of glycogen?
Glucose
107
If a lipid has a polysaccharide chain attached to it, what is it called?
Glycolipid
108
What type of fatty acid has no double bonds?
Saturated
109
What is a glycoprotein made up of?
A protein and a carbohydrate
110
What is the test for lipids?
The Emulsion test
111
What is a triglyceride made up of?
Glycerol and fatty acids
