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AQA AS Biology > Methods of Studying Cells > Flashcards

Methods of Studying Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step of cell fractionation?

A

Break the cell open

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2
Q

What does the first stage of Cell Fractionation involve?

A
  • Keeping cells ice cold- Keeping isotonic- Using a buffer
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3
Q

In the first stage of Cell Fractionation why do we keep cells ice cold?

A

To prevent enzyme activity

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4
Q

In the first stage of Cell Fractionation why do we keep cells isotonic?

A

To prevent osmosis, therefore organelles cannot change shape or size

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5
Q

In the first stage of Cell Fractionation why do we use a buffer?

A

To keep pH the same to prevent denaturing so cell reactions do not change

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6
Q

What is the second stage of Cell Fractionation?

A

Filtering the solution

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7
Q

Why do we carry out the second stage of Cell Fractionation?

A

To remove cell debris and whole cells

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8
Q

What is the first stage of Cell Fractionation?

A

Ultracentrifugation

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9
Q

What does Ultracentrifugation involve?

A
  • Spin the test tube- The heaviest organelles are compressed into a pellet on the bottom- Remaining liquid is drained off and centrifuged and the process continues
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10
Q

In heaviest to lightest, in what order are organelles removed?

A
  • Nuclei- Chloroplasts- Mitochondria- Lysosomes- Endoplasmic Reticulum- Ribosomes
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11
Q

What is magnification?

A

The degree to which an object has been made bigger

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12
Q

What is resolution?

A

The shortest distance between two points that can be seen

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13
Q

What is the equation to calculate size of image?

A

Size of Image = Magnification x Size of Object

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14
Q

What is 1mm in um?

A

1mm = 1000um

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15
Q

What are pros for light microscopes?

A
  • Easy- Cheap- Colour image
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16
Q

What are the cons for light microscopes?

A
  • Lowest magnification and resolution- Can’t see small organelles
17
Q

What are the pros for S.E.M?

A
  • Better mag and res than light microscopes- Wavelength of e- is shorter than wavelength of light- Form a 3D image- Doesn’t need to be a thin slice
18
Q

What are the cons for S.E.M?

A
  • Lower mag and res than T.E.M- Can’t see internal structures
19
Q

What are the pros for T.E.M?

A
  • Best mag and res- Shorter e- wavelength than light- Allows internal structures to be seen
20
Q

What are the cons for T.E.M?

A
  • Can’t look at living cells- Specimens need to be in a vacuum- Need to use a thin slice- Artefacts can be created- Doesn’t form a colour image

AQA AS Biology (18 decks)

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