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AQA AS Biology > DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is DNA universal?

A

The genetic code is the same in all living organisms

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2
Q

What does GGT code for?

A

Glycine

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3
Q

Why is DNA Non-Overlapping?

A

Each DNA triplet and gene is separate

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4
Q

Why is DNA degenerate?

A

The same amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet

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5
Q

How does DNA become pre-mRNA?

A

It is transcribed

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6
Q

How does pre-mRNA become mRNA?

A

It is spliced

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7
Q

How does mRNA become proteins?

A

it is translated

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8
Q

How is genetic information stored in eukaryotes?

A
  • Long, linear double helix- Found in nucleus- Folded around histones- Folded into chromosomes - Containing introns and exons
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9
Q

How is genetic information stored in prokaryotes?

A
  • Short circular loop of DNA- No histones- No nucleus- Have plasmids- No introns
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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide, protein or functional RNA

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11
Q

What is the locus?

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome, the location of the specific gene will remain the same in all organisms of the same species

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12
Q

What is a DNA triplet?

A

A sequence of 3 DNA bases that code for a specific amino acid

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13
Q

What were mitochondria and chloroplasts initially?

A

Free living therefore they contain their own DNA, they can synthesise enzymes needed for their functions

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14
Q

What are introns?

A

Non coding multiple repeats that are found in pre-mRNA and do not code for polypeptides

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15
Q

How is transcription carried out? (before splicing)

A
  • DNA helicase separates out DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds- Free RNA nucleotides attach to the template strand by complimentary base pairing- RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together with phosphodiester bonds formed by condensation reactions- H-bonds reform- premRNA is formed in eukaryotes- mRNA is formed in prokaryotes
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16
Q

What is splicing?

A

Removal of introns (non coding sections)

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17
Q

Which organisms do not undergo splicing

A

Prokaryotes

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18
Q

How does splicing happen?

A

premRNA (introns and exons) undergoes splicing to remove the non coding sections (introns) to leave just the coding sections (exons) and mRNA is formed

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19
Q

What happens after splicing?

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and undergoes translation in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is a codon?

A

A triplet of bases found on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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21
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A triplet of bases found of tRNA that is complimentary to the mRNA codon

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22
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA, a polypeptide folded by H-bonds with an amino acid attached. The amino acid is specific to the anticodon

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23
Q

How does translation take place?

A
  • A ribosome binds onto mRNA at the start of the start codon- Codon on the mRNA is matched to the complimentary anticodon on tRNA by complimentary base pairing - Ribosome hold the complimentary tRNA in place whilst the amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond- Used tRNA returns to the cytoplasm to attach to a new amino acid (complimentary to its anticodon) this uses ATP
24
Q

Where does the ribosome attach and detach?

A

The start and stop codons

25
Q

What is formed from translation?

A

A polypeptide chain

26
Q

After a mutation, what changes within the DNA?

A

The sequence of bases

27
Q

Within a bacterial cell, around which protein does the DNA wind?

A

Not wound as it is prokaryotic

28
Q

What do we call a sequence of three bases within a DNA strand?

A

Triplet

29
Q

What do we call a sequence of three bases on a mRNA strand?

A

Codon

30
Q

What do we call a sequence of three bases on a tRNA strand

A

Anticodon

31
Q

What can a pair of matching chromosomes be defined as?

A

Homogenous pair

32
Q

What type of cells are plant cells?

A

Eukaryotic

33
Q

What can the locus of a gene be defined as?

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

34
Q

Within a plant which organelle stores genetic information?

A

Nucleus

35
Q

What is the different form of a gene known as?

A

An allele

36
Q

What is the base sequence of DNA having a change occur known as?

A

A mutation

37
Q

How could a non-functional enzyme come about?

A

High temperatures, change in pH or a mutation of the gene that coded for the protein

38
Q

Where, within a cell, are proteins produced?

A

Ribosomes

39
Q

A human sperm cell contains how many chromosomes?

A

23

40
Q

Within our body cells, we have a total of how many chromosomes?

A

46

41
Q

Where is human DNA stored?

A

Chromosomes

42
Q

One amino acid is coded for by how many bases?

A

3

43
Q

In which organelle does transcription happen?

A

Nucleus

44
Q

RNA is made of how many strands?

A

1

45
Q

Two amino acids are held together by which type of bond?

A

Peptide

46
Q

Which base is not in an RNA strand?

A

Thymine

47
Q

In which organelle does protein synthesis occur?

A

Ribosome

48
Q

DNA is transcribed into what type of RNA?

A

pre-mRNA / mRNA

49
Q

Amino acids are joined together by which type of reaction during protein synthesis?

A

Condensation

50
Q

Within protein synthesis, where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

51
Q

What type of sugar forms part of an RNA molecule?

A

Ribose

52
Q

What does the DNA antisense strand act as?

A

The template strand for mRNA

53
Q

What is the DNA antisense strand complimentary to?

A

The DNA sense strand

54
Q

What does the DNA sense strand not act as?

A

The template strand for mRNA

55
Q

What does pre-mRNA contain that need to be removed?

A

Introns

56
Q

How are introns removed?

A

pre-mRNA is spliced to remove introns and leave the coding exons (eukaryotes only)

AQA AS Biology (18 decks)

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