Progress Test 1 Flashcards
What is the 5 M’s Model? Briefly describe each
Man: Pilots within the operational side of the operation
Machine: The aircraft and all the equipment they have to work with
Mission: What is being asked operationally (to fly X passengers form A to B safely and on time)
Medium: The Physical environment
Management: Ensure compliance and promote safety. Also includes the training and recruitment of new huMans
What is the SCHELL model? Briefly describe each component
Software: Rules, Procedures and written documents
Culture: The organisational, national and individual cultures of those in the system
Hardware: ATC, physical equipment and the aircraft and its systems
Environment: The physical environment the pilots have to work in - noise, altitude, temperature, etc.
Liveware: The person
Liveware: The people the person have to interact with - ATC, Dispatch, Ramp, Cabin crew etc.
What is the 4 P’s model? Briefly describe each?
Physical: Size, Sex, Strengths, Senses
Physiological: Nutrition, Health, Lifestyle, Fatigue, Drugs
Psychological: Emotional state, knowledge, attitude, workload, training
Psychosocial: Interactions
What are the different ways that an error can be categorised?
Active or Latent
Intentional or Unintentional
How does James Reason classify the different types of errors? Describe each
Slips: You meant to do the correct actions, but unintentionally did the wrong action
Lapses: You forgot to perform an action
Mistakes: You intended to make the action you made, however the outcome was not as you expected. The action was inappropriate.
Violations: You intended to break a KNOWN rule
What is the definition of an error?
A crew member action or inaction that leads to deviation from crew and organisational expectations, reduces margins of safety and increases the probability of adverse operational events on the ground or in the air.
At what different levels can an error occur? (Not SRK)
Sensory/ Perception level: Illusions, Biases
Process/ Decision Making level: Fatigue, Training, Stressors
Taking Action level: Ergonomics, procedures, distractions, environmental problems
What different errors can a flight crew make? Briefly describe each
Handling: Aircraft handling, systems, navigation
Procedural: Checklists, incorrect documents, SOP violation
Communication: crew-crew or crew-external
What are the three different levels of cognitive control? Describe each
Knowledge Based: No previous experience, relying only on knowledge, problem solving rather than decision making
Rule Based: Familiar with the situation, but not experienced. Applying if-then rules to different cues
Skill Based: Extremely experienced, automatic, sub-conscious reactions.
What errors and violations usually happen at each of the different levels of cognitive control?
Knowledge: Mistakes are very common, Exceptional Violations
Rule: Mistakes sometime common, Situational Violations
Skill: Slips and Lapses, Routine violations
According to Airbus, what are the 5 things you can do with an error?
Error Prevention: Design based solutions
Error Reduction: Good ergonomics, logical clear displays and systems
Error Detection: Make errors immediately visible (crosschecking, remove before flight tags)
Error Recovery: Make it easier to recover from an error (stick pusher, auto pull up when EGPWS)
Error Tolerance: Conservative margins so that if an error is made, small errors do not endanger safety.
What are the different biases? Briefly describe each
Hindsight bias: You judge people decisions and actions because you know the outcome of those actions.
Expectation Bias: Fill in blanks with what you expect
Confirmation Bias: Brain disregards information that goes against the mental model it has developed.
Availability Heuristic: During high workload, the brain will take the most available information, rather than the most accurate or reliable.
What are the 3 levels of Situational Awareness according to Mica Endsley?
Perception of the current situation
Comprehension of how the situation affects you
Prediction of how it could affect you in future.
At what level of situational awareness do most errors occur?
Most at the Perception level, with the majority of those bing failure to observe or monitor data and information.
What is group situational awareness made up of and what is it ultimately limited too?
Group SA = Flight Crew SA + Cabin Crew SA + Ground SA
Ultimately limited to the situational awareness of the captain.
What are the 5 components of Safety Culture?
Informed Culture Just Culture Learning Culture Reporting Culture Flexible Culture
What is Informed Culture?
The organisation will collect and share current, relevant information on factors that determine the safety of the system
What is Reporting culture?
Creating an environment where people feel ok reporting error and near misses, without fear of blame. Must feel as though the information will be acted on.
What is Learning culture?
An organisation is able to learn from its mistakes and make changes.
What is Just culture?
Encourages people to provide safety information. The line between acceptable an unacceptable must be clear. Error and unsafe acts will not be punished if they are not intentional.
What is Flexible Culture?
An organisation has the people and capability to adapt and change to the situation and demands.
What is the working/ short term memory? What are its capabilities?
It is where processed sensory information is stored to be transferred to the long term memory, or to be used. Capacity is 7+/-2, lasts for about 30 seconds.
What can you do to increase the capacity of the Working memory?
Chunking Mnemonics Association Saying things out loud Visualising
What are the three types of Threat and Error Countermeasures? What are some examples of each?
- Planning Countermeasures: TC-TWO, Preflight, Briefings, IMSAFE
- Execution Countermeasures: Monitoring, Cross checking, KDP’s, checklists, SOP’s, aircraft systems (TCAS, GPWS)
- Review Countermeasures: Evaluation and modification of plans, self review, reporting, questioning, additional training
What is the long term memory? What are its capabilities?
Where information is stored forever. Capacity is unlimited, and Information lasts forever.
There can be some issues with retrieval of information if it is stored incorrectly or in later life.
What are the different types of long term memory? Sub-types?
Implicit: =Procedural/ Motor Skills =Hard to teach and lots of repetition is required Explicit: =Episodic -->Often Biased or stored incorrectly =Semantic --> Language, Meaning and information --> Learning in-situ will help --> New material will require full attention
How can threats be categorised? Examples of each?
External (birds, organisational requirements, terrain, weather) or Internal (crew training, fatigue, stress)
Expected (traffic conflicts) or Unexpected
Latent (systematic deficiencies) or Active (terrain, traffic)
What are the potential crew responses to a threat?
- Recognition and avoidance
- Additional Error
- No response
What are the potential outcomes to an error?
- Safer Flight
- Recovery to safer flight
- Additional Errors
- Incident or Accident
What are the different layers of the Swiss cheese Model?
- Organisational Influence
- Unsafe Supervision
- Preconditions for unsafe acts
- Unsafe acts
What is a Coercive Leader?
Make extreme top down decisions. The Team’s sense of responsibility will be reduced, there will be a lack of sense of ownership and little accountability
=Use with extreme caution and only when necessary
What is an authoritative Leader?
Motivates people by making it clear to them where they fit in to achieving the company goals. They show people the end goal but give them leeway to devise their own means to get there.
=Does not work in a situation where the team knows more than the leader
What is an Affiliative Leader?
Focuses on strong interpersonal relationships. loyalty, and emotional connections drive the success.
=Should not be used alone as people may believe average is tolerated
=Good for rebuilding broken trust, increase harmony and morale and improve communication
What is a Democratic Leader?
Spend time getting people’s input into the plan. People will buy into the plan, build trust and respect, and commitment. Produced very realistic goals.
=Caution advised as it takes a long time and when group is not informed, it can waste time and frustrate.
What is a Pacesetting Leader?
They lead by example and expect everyone to work as they do. Can overwhelm the team members and have negative’s effects on group climate.
What is a Coaching leader?
Will help them members find their potential and reach their individual goals. They will maximise on each person’s individual strengths. Is will willing to sacrifice short term losses for long term group gains.
=Does not work wet leader is ill equiped to coach, or the team is is resistant to learning.
What is the principal of Leadership-Followship?
Leader and follower are working in a cockpit team climate, within an environment to work towards safe flight operations. the leader and follower have skills, knowledge and attributes.
What communication skills are required by the leadership-fellowship model?
- Envisioning
- Modelling
- Influence
- Receptiveness
- Initiative
- Adaptability
What are the 6 different leadership styles?
Authoritative Coercive Pacesetting Democratice Coaching Affiliative
