Professional Capability - Instructional Design Flashcards
Most common ISD models
ADDIE Agile Dick and Carey SAM Seels and Glasgow Smith and Ragan
Phases of ADDIE
Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluation
Writing learning objectives for module and lesson
Addie Design Phase
Define organizational results that should be achieved from training
Analysis phase
ADDIE
Outcome
Leads to organizational needs
Share a mnemonics to help learners remember the steps of the process
Providing learning guidance
9 events
Invite learners to create their own job aid to summarize the concepts
Enhance retention and transfer
9 events
ROPES Model
Review/Relate Overview Presentation Exercise Summary
Accelerated learning
Explain connections between content to enable internalization
LXP - Learning Experience Platform
Provides contextualized contents based on learner characteristics
Prepare for the learning?
Explain how their performance is gonna change and affect
Affinity diagrams
Organize info in a structured manner to create content
Formal Learning
Planned Structured Includes curriculum Objectives Agenda & Time
Instructor-led classroom, online training, certification programs, workshops, webinars, lunch & learn sessions
Informal Learning
Outside structured activities spontaneous
Planned rotational assignments Self study Electronic or paper job aids Discussion forums Performance support apps or tools
Formal Approach Advantages
Mass learning (same info and process at the same time)
Accurate content and update
Less costly
Faster learning
Varied methods (preferences and adult learning principles)
Informal Approach Advantages
Learning can occur in the workplace while doing the job
More effective in building proficiency
Highly relevant with small steps
Natural way to learn
Cost less and more efficient (social media and mobile)
Less resistance experienced
E-Learning
Wide set of applications and processes, including web based Learning Computer based learning Multi device Learning Virtual classroom Performance support Digital collaboration
Blended Learning
Series of content blocks sequenced to create a learning experience
Reasons for choosing media blend: Cost effective Virtual Self study Chunked content Fast delivery Time and cost (travel and work time)
Instructional Methods
Key purpose of any formal TD program is to:
Promote learning
Instruction promotes learning through a set of activities called instructional methods.
Usage of Instructional Methods
Motivate learners
Help learners prepare for learning
Aid learners as they discover their own knowledge
Enable learners to apply and practice what they learned
Assist learners in retaining and transfering what they have learned
Integrate their own preferences with other skills and knowledge
Selection
Instructional methods are selected based on the needs assessment, learning objectives and the modality.
Choosing instructional methods
Consider the following factors:
1) Instructional objectives (knowledge-cognitive, skills-psychomotor, attitude-affective)
2) cost or budget
3) lesson content
4) learners knowledge and expectations
5) time
6) facilities, equipment and materials
Experiential Learning Process
David Kolb
Experientia Learning Activity (ELA)
1) Experience: allows participants to complete a defined task
2) Reflect and Process: give learners an opportunity to reflect and discuss (what happened, why, what they learned and how they feel)
3) Generalize: provides an opportunity to interpret the dynamics and connect them to workplace
4) Apply: gives participants time to determine how they will transfer this knowledge to work or life
Planning, Designing and Developing Instructional Content
Development: is the process of creating, testing and producing usable instructional materials
Before developing content, TD professionals need to organize available content, ideas and inputs from various sources
Affinity diagrams, interrelationship graphs and outlines support this process
Planning, Designing and Developing Instructional Content
Affinity diagrams: gather large amounts of ideas and organize them into logical groupings based on natural relationship among items
Planning, Designing and Developing Instructional Content
Interrelationship graph:
Shows cause and effect relationships among the groupings
Best used when issues seem too complex, confusing and when need to discover the major themes
Planning, Designing and Developing Instructional Content
Outlines: can be used for planning content
They should be designed following several helpful features.
All headers should be parallel or of the same level and form
Outline should be presented in a logical flow
Headers should be more general than subheaders
Planning, Designing and Developing Instructional Content
Phases for developing instructional content
1) Design: define the topic and content
2) Development: use recommendations from design phase such as sequence, modality, choose a technique to plan the content and create assets
3) Testing: use prototyping and pilot testing to check the material and test methods prior to the delivery of the formal training program
Outcome of development is a formal/informal learning solution that is ready to be implemented.
Assessing the Quality & Relevance of the Content
Clarify desired outcomes:
Review the objectives
Compare them to existing content in the marketplace or within the organization
Assessing the Quality & Relevance of the Content
Reviw objectives & outcomes:
During the needs assessment, focus on four areas:
Business needs, performance needs, learners needs, learning needs
Identify the desired positive changes in each of the four areas (skill, knowledge goals)
Assessing the Quality & Relevance of the Content
Assess current availability of the content:
Once objectives are confirmed, determine if content currently exists in market or organization
Assessing the Quality & Relevance of the Content
Use of AI to curate content:
Design new content or curate content that already exists
Use learning experience platforms to contextualize content and deliver it from millions of sources based on individual preferences, background, requirements and skills
Designing Learning & Behavioral Outcome Statement
Outcomes vs Objectives
Outcomes:
1) are specific outputs that learners are expected to achieve
2) Identify how the organization will benefit as a result of the investment in learning
3) Are closely related to the organization and meaningful to sponsor, leader and stakeholders
Objectives:
1) list the skills and knowledge learners use to perform the tasks that lead to the outcome
2) identify what learner will be able to do as a result of the training or performance solution
3) are written from the learners perspective and more meaningful to the learner
Designing Learning & Behavioral Outcome Statement
Formulation of outcome statement:
To define outcomes, TD professionals should start with the results of the needs assessment and work with sponsor who has an investment and interest in the resulting learning or performance solution.
Share the results of needs assessment, aim to reach an agreement and discuss the consistency
Keep the sponsor involved at every step of the process. They must ensure that the communication validate or disprove the initial issues presented by sponsor.
Designing Learning & Behavioral Outcome Statement
Needs assessment should place the sponsor’s request in the context of the organization’s needs.
Some of the steps;
Consider the organizational culture to ensure alignment
Review the behaviors that need to be changed to support the outcome
Confirm a link between the solution and organizational drivers
Designing Learning & Behavioral Outcome Statement
Sponsor’s outcome statements may be in their performance goals or at least connected to them. Use the sponsor’s words as much as possible.
Ensure that the sponsor has defined an outcome that clarifies intent.
For more detailed statements made by sponsor, write the outcomes using the same rules for writing objectives.
Getting this step right is very important, as it lays the foundation for the development of the learning intervention.
Applying Design Thinking & Rapid Prototyping
Phases of Design Thinking 5 phases Empathize Define Ideate Prototype Test
Applying Design Thinking & Rapid Prototyping
Empathize phase:
Requires a clear and empathic understanding of the problem by consulting experts
Involves engaging with people to understand their experiences
Requires a deep personal understanding of the issues
Applying Design Thinking & Rapid Prototyping
Define phase:
Requires defining the problem to identify the solution
Involves compiling and synthesizing information from the first phase
Requires asking questions and gathering data to stimulate ideas and solutions
Applying Design Thinking & Rapid Prototyping
Ideate phase:
Begins once there is a clear understanding of the users and their needs
Another starting point is having a solid background created by compiling data
Involves investigation and testing to identify a good option
Applying Design Thinking & Rapid Prototyping
Prototype phase:
Requires producing multiple scale down versions of the solution
Requires solutions or ideas to be implemented within the prototypes
Involves investigation that leads to either acceptance, improvement or rejection
Applying Design Thinking & Rapid Prototyping
Test phase:
Requires evaluation of the final product
Iterative process that often involves redefining the problem
Involves using the results generated to inform the users
Design Thinking
Human centered approach to innovation or problem solving that integrates the needs of people with the needs of organization
Fosters creativity and innovation
Focuses on finding the right solution rather than solving a problem
Rapid Prototyping
An iterative design, develop and evaluate Process.
This process enables stakeholders to view and provide feedback on the design of the learning experience throughout the design and the development process rather than waiting to see a finished product and then incur significant changes and the cost
SAM (Succesive Approximation Model)
1) Gather info
2) Design
3) Development
4) Product Rollout
Storyboarding: effectice 1st step for gathering ideas
Prototype: physical proof or draft of the design concept
Prototypes
1) Low fidelity: paper prototype or rough physical representation of initial design
2) Medium fidelity: wireframe prototype - closer to finished state
3) High fidelity: fully functioning working copies of the final design
Instructional Design Models and Process
TD professionals should create a project charter. Creating the project charter helps to evaluate and prioritize activities, summarize the project details, and authorize the use of resources.
Role of Adult Learning Theories in Instructional Design
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs: provide and allow light snacks - show where the facilities are
Safety: help participants feel comfortable asking questions, practice new skills and reach out for help by no judgement and encouraging.
Belonging: offer ways for participants to connect with others in the group.
Esteem: celebrate success with the skills practice and respect the experiences people bring to the group
Self-actualization: learners genuinely want to be the best they can be. Offer extra resources to enrich what they learn in our class. (Microlearning - projects to help them pilot new skills)
Introduction, establish schedules (start, break, end), allow participants to determine lunch time, questions are welcomed and encouraged, include variety of activities (selfpace, pairs and groups), ask for input
ISD Models & Process
ISD is a systems approach to creating instruction or learning experiences.
ISD is based on the idea that training is most effective when it provides learners with a clear statement of what they must be able to do as a result of learning and how their performance will be evaluated. Learning experience is designed to teach skills through hands on practice or performance based instruction.
Advantages of ISD
Projects are quick, efficient and effective
Produces observable, measurable and replicable elements
Flexible with many opportunities to tailor the system
ADDIE
Provides structure for design
Foundation for learning design
Seel & Glasgow
Assume dressing occurs within the context of project management
Iterative design process in which feedback and interaction occur during the process
Design team members formulate and revise a project management plan (roles, tasks, timelines, budgets, checkpoints and supervisory procedures)
3 phases: needs analysis, instructional design, implementation and evaluation
Dick & Carey
Needs analysis, writing objectives, evaluation of instruction, goals identification
Task analysis: instructional analysis, learner and context analysis (focusing on details of what should happen)
Smith & Regan
3 stage process: analysis, strategy development, evaluation
Differences:
items are written within the analysis stage right after tasks are analyzed
Iterative nature of design which results in constant revision
SAM
Iterative and incremental development process
Evolve through collaboration between stakeholders
Adaptive planning, evolutionary development, rapid and flexible responses
AGILE
Collaborative effort by cross functional teams
Maximizing customer value is the focus
Highly flexible and interactive
Share preliminary elements with stakeholders, partial solutions pilot, collect feedback at various stages
Importance of Adult Learning Theory
3 classic learning theories
Behaviorism: observable behavior
Cognitivism: mental process
Constructivism: knowledge acquisition through experience and interaction
Malcolm Knowles
Andragogy
1) the need to know: knowing why something to be learned
2) the learners self-concept: see themselves as self directed and responsible
3) the role of the learners experience: relying on life experiences to connect to new concepts
4) readiness to learn: how a learning experience is relevant
5) orientation to learning: willing to learn things that will help them
6) motivation: respond to internal motivation such as job satisfaction
Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Musical Logical-Mathematical Interpersonal Kinestetic Linguistic Intrapersonal Spatial Naturalistic
Accelerated Learning Principles
Includes brain’s right and left hemisphere
Enhance memory strategies
Promoting active discussion, using visuals and learning tools to improve understanding and recall
Encouraging participants to find alternative patterns and solutions
Ensuring participants to find alternative patterns and solutions
Ensuring participants can explain what they learned and put it into practice
Guide participants to explore and understand how content is connected
Supporting reflection on the learning experience
Role of HPI
Human performance improvement
When a problem (performance) arises, it is common for stakeholders and sponsors to assume that training is the solution.(performance improvement solution)
Training address only one of six drivers of employee performance (skills and knowledge)
Factors that may lead to poor employee performance
1) lack of motivation
2) lack of tools and resources
3) inadequate or nonexistent structures, process or guidelines
4) lack of information
5) health
ADDIE
Analysis is input
DDE are the process
Implementation is output
ADDIE Analysis Stage
Identify specific needs (who, what, where, when and why of design)
Determine what learners need to know how to be successful, organization needs, initial diagnosis is accurate?
TD should understand;
Sponsor’s requested outcome
Organizational need or driver underlying the project
Desired performance and tasks
What influences constraints on the project
Considering the resources availability, constraints that may create barriers, how the solution is aligned to the organizational strategy
ADDIE Design Stage
Create an outline with the specifications necessary to complete the training project
Activities to be performed:
Develop the outcome statement with input from stakeholder or sponsor
Write learning objectives
Create an evolution plan
Recommend the modality that will be used to deliver content
Develop the sequence and structure of the course or program
Prepare logistics and objective maps
Determine what materials are necessary and prepare draft copies
Key output of this phase is the design plan for the project.
ADDIE Development Stage
Content and material move from conceptual design to the deliverable
Designer may use pilot testing, prototyping, other iterative tools to tedt that deliverables are accurate and effective
ADDIE Implementation Stage
Content is delivered using the chosen modality
The goal is to achieve the objectives written in the design phase
Monitor the solution for any unexpected situation
ADDIE Evaluation Stage
Measures and validates the success of training or other learning initiatives
Final evaluation results are used to review lessons learned, identify process improvements and measure results
Evaluation should take part at every point throughout the ISD process
Communicate with sponsors at each step by sharing the evaluation results to ensure that sponsor expectations are met.
Formal and Informal Learning Experience
Learning begins at the individual level whether that learning occurs formally or informally.
TD professionals need to promote behaviors that support individuals ability to learn.
A learning culture influences organizational success.
Formal and Informal Learning Experience
Individual learning:
Only 1/5 rate their ability to learn as effective.
TD professionals should lead the way, ensuring that all employees are comfortable with several behaviors that support their ability to learn including:
Asking for feedback
Planning how they need to develop for the future
Reinforcing a growth mindset
Formal and Informal Learning Experience
Group learning:
Individuals within a team acquire and share experience & knowledge with others in the team.
3 dimensions of team learning as the ability to:
Think insightfully about complex issues
Take innovative, coordinated action
Create a network that allows other teams to take action
Formal and Informal Learning Experience
Organizational learning:
Employees need to believe that organizations want to create a supportive learning environment; employees need to share in that responsibility.
TD professionals should ensure the basics:
Ensuring that leaders champion, recognize and reward learning
Instilling the value of lifelong learning in every employee
Expecting managers to support employee development
Inspiring employees to own their development
