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BMS109 Develpomental > Processes & Factors - Mnemocics > Flashcards

Processes & Factors - Mnemocics Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms undergo Holoblastic cleavage

A

c.elegans, xenopus, mouse, human, sea urchin

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2
Q

What does HWE HMFC stand for

A

holoblastic, whole embryo, human, mouse frog and worm

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3
Q

What organism undergoes meroblastic cleavage

A

zebrafish, chick

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4
Q

What does CMZ stand for

A

chick meroblastic zebra

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5
Q

What organism undergoes superficial cleavage

A

drosophila

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6
Q

What does SXD stand for

A

Superficial, No membranes, drosophila

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7
Q

Describe zygotic genome activation

A

cell movement begins, cell cycle slows & becomes asynchronous

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8
Q

What does SAM stand for

A

asynchronous, slow and movement

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9
Q

What are the blocks to Polyspermy

A

change in membrane potential, cortical reaction, fertilisation membrane and hyaline layer

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10
Q

What does CHL PMF stand for

A

cortical reaction, hyaline & fertilisation layer, membrane potential

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11
Q

What does MECCAS stand for - fertilisation

A

sperm, ca2+ wave, meiotic processes complete, cleavage divisions, egg activation, oscillations in Ca2+

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12
Q

Describe the cell cycle - SSSS TMMC

A

maternal stores, transcription suppressed, S & M phases ONLY, synchronous cleavage

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13
Q

What causes cell differences - SGS

A

segregation, cell-cell signalling, germline

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14
Q

What does the ectoderm form? - GEN PEN

A

glia, neural crest, neurons, placodes, epidermis

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15
Q

What does the mesoderm form? - SCH BKDM

A

skeletal muscle, cartilage, heart, blood, kidney, dermis

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16
Q

What does the endoderm form? GALLOPYE

A

gut, associated organs, liver, lungs, pancreas

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17
Q

Describe gastrulation - TAG EMM

A

triphoblast, axis establishment, gut, movement of mesoderm & endoderm inside embryo

18
Q

What are the forces driving cell & tissue rearrangement - DEPPS

A

cell death & proliferation, expression of proteins, cell shape

19
Q

What cells movements continue after gastrulation - MNNG

A

Neurulation, neural crest, migratory primordia, germ cells

20
Q

What techniques can be used for drosophila? - MATCD

A

mutagenesis, clonal analysis, transgenesis

21
Q

what techniques can be used for c.elegans? - CARMIC

A

mutagenesis, cell ablation, RNA interference

22
Q

What techniques can be used for Danio Rerio - TICTM

A

Transgenesis, injections, cell transplantations, mutagenesis

23
Q

What techniques can be used for mice - TMT

A

targeted transgenesis, mutagenesis

24
Q

What techniques can be used for xenopus - TITT

A

transgenesis, injections & tissue transplantations

25
Q

What techniques can be used for Gallus, Gallus - TITRE

A

Tissue transplantation, retroviral infection, electroporation

26
Q

Describe the first step of Hans Driesch experiment on sea urchins

A

isolate blastomeres in sea urchin embryo

27
Q

Describe the second step of the Hans Driesch experiment

A

split blastomeres at the 2 cell stage - gives rise to normally patterned small embryos

28
Q

Describe the third step of the Hans Driesch experiment

A

isolate blastomeres at 4 cell stage - four small normal larvae

29
Q

Describe the fourth step of the Hans Driesch experiment

A

Isolate animal/vegetal halves at 8 cell stage - abnormal embryos

30
Q

What experimental approaches can be used for Xenopus

A

separate blastomeres, tissue transplantation, microinjection, amphibian organiser

31
Q

what is the blastopore

A

region where gastrulation begins

32
Q

Describe the amphibian organiser experiment

A

blastopore is cut off embryo, then grafted onto ventral side of another embryo, blastopore induces formation of secondary embryo

33
Q

Why does the blastopore induce a secondary embryo

A

signalling centre and organising region

34
Q

What are the steps in making a fate map

A

label cell in early embryo, look for progeny of labelled cell, create fate map

35
Q

What are the features of an ideal marker?

A

readily visible, X perturb development, X leak into neighbouring cells, inherited by ALL progeny

36
Q

What are useful markers for fate mapping?

A

vital dyes, high molecular tracers, cytological labels

37
Q

what do fate maps discover

A

cells NORMAL development

38
Q

How do you test cell commitment

A

culture cells in isolation, compare fate and specification map

39
Q

What are the two types of transplantation between embryos

A

orthotopic & heterotopic graft

40
Q

What does it mean if a heterotopic graft from late stage of embryo forms ectopic tissue

A

by this stage the cells are committed to form this tissue

BMS109 Develpomental (13 decks)

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