Processes & Factors - Mnemocics Flashcards
What organisms undergo Holoblastic cleavage
c.elegans, xenopus, mouse, human, sea urchin
What does HWE HMFC stand for
holoblastic, whole embryo, human, mouse frog and worm
What organism undergoes meroblastic cleavage
zebrafish, chick
What does CMZ stand for
chick meroblastic zebra
What organism undergoes superficial cleavage
drosophila
What does SXD stand for
Superficial, No membranes, drosophila
Describe zygotic genome activation
cell movement begins, cell cycle slows & becomes asynchronous
What does SAM stand for
asynchronous, slow and movement
What are the blocks to Polyspermy
change in membrane potential, cortical reaction, fertilisation membrane and hyaline layer
What does CHL PMF stand for
cortical reaction, hyaline & fertilisation layer, membrane potential
What does MECCAS stand for - fertilisation
sperm, ca2+ wave, meiotic processes complete, cleavage divisions, egg activation, oscillations in Ca2+
Describe the cell cycle - SSSS TMMC
maternal stores, transcription suppressed, S & M phases ONLY, synchronous cleavage
What causes cell differences - SGS
segregation, cell-cell signalling, germline
What does the ectoderm form? - GEN PEN
glia, neural crest, neurons, placodes, epidermis
What does the mesoderm form? - SCH BKDM
skeletal muscle, cartilage, heart, blood, kidney, dermis
What does the endoderm form? GALLOPYE
gut, associated organs, liver, lungs, pancreas
Describe gastrulation - TAG EMM
triphoblast, axis establishment, gut, movement of mesoderm & endoderm inside embryo
What are the forces driving cell & tissue rearrangement - DEPPS
cell death & proliferation, expression of proteins, cell shape
What cells movements continue after gastrulation - MNNG
Neurulation, neural crest, migratory primordia, germ cells
What techniques can be used for drosophila? - MATCD
mutagenesis, clonal analysis, transgenesis
what techniques can be used for c.elegans? - CARMIC
mutagenesis, cell ablation, RNA interference
What techniques can be used for Danio Rerio - TICTM
Transgenesis, injections, cell transplantations, mutagenesis
What techniques can be used for mice - TMT
targeted transgenesis, mutagenesis
What techniques can be used for xenopus - TITT
transgenesis, injections & tissue transplantations
What techniques can be used for Gallus, Gallus - TITRE
Tissue transplantation, retroviral infection, electroporation
Describe the first step of Hans Driesch experiment on sea urchins
isolate blastomeres in sea urchin embryo
Describe the second step of the Hans Driesch experiment
split blastomeres at the 2 cell stage - gives rise to normally patterned small embryos
Describe the third step of the Hans Driesch experiment
isolate blastomeres at 4 cell stage - four small normal larvae
Describe the fourth step of the Hans Driesch experiment
Isolate animal/vegetal halves at 8 cell stage - abnormal embryos
What experimental approaches can be used for Xenopus
separate blastomeres, tissue transplantation, microinjection, amphibian organiser
what is the blastopore
region where gastrulation begins
Describe the amphibian organiser experiment
blastopore is cut off embryo, then grafted onto ventral side of another embryo, blastopore induces formation of secondary embryo
Why does the blastopore induce a secondary embryo
signalling centre and organising region
What are the steps in making a fate map
label cell in early embryo, look for progeny of labelled cell, create fate map
What are the features of an ideal marker?
readily visible, X perturb development, X leak into neighbouring cells, inherited by ALL progeny
What are useful markers for fate mapping?
vital dyes, high molecular tracers, cytological labels
what do fate maps discover
cells NORMAL development
How do you test cell commitment
culture cells in isolation, compare fate and specification map
What are the two types of transplantation between embryos
orthotopic & heterotopic graft
What does it mean if a heterotopic graft from late stage of embryo forms ectopic tissue
by this stage the cells are committed to form this tissue
