Model Organisms Flashcards
what are the advantages of drosophila
small organism, short generation time, large batches of embryos
What are the genetic advantages of drosophila
sequenced genome, detail cytological & genetic map
What are the useful techniques for drosophila
mutagenesis, transgenesis, clonal analysis
What are the disadvantages of drosophila
small embryo - cannot be used for grafting experiments
describe the egg development of drosophila
develop in egg chambers, 1 oocyte & 15 nurse cells
what do the nurse cells provide in drosophila
maternal stores for oocyte
Describe the blastoderm of the drosophila
syncytial
Describe a syncytial blastoderm
all cleavage nuclei are within a common cytoplasm
How many segments does the drosophila have
14
how many cells is C.Elegans made of
959
What are the stages of C.Elegans development
pronuclei fuse, first cleavage, invariant lineage
Describe invariant lineage
every cell develops in the same way
What are the advantages of C.Elegans
Small, short generation time, hermaphrodite
What are the genetic advantages of C.Elegans
sequenced genome, invariant lineage
What are the useful techniques used on C.Elegans
mutagenesis, cell ablation, RNAi
What are the advantages of danio rerio
small vertebrate, large embryo batches, transparent embryo, haploid development possible, easy access
What are the useful techniques used on danio rerio
mutagenesis, cell transplantations, injections, transgenesis
What are the disadvantages of danio rerio
large genome
What symptoms are associated with cls zebrafish mutant
ear defects, less pigment cells, un-inflated swim bladder, enteric neurons missing
What is the cls zebrafish mutant a model for
waardenburg syndrome type IV
Describe unstable transgenes
stays in the nucleus
describe the expression of unstable transgenes
extrachromosomal expression that is lost over time
What is a transgenic animal
animal that carries a gene incorporated into genome by recombinant technology
describe the integration of stable transgenes
permanent integration into chromosome
What are the advantages of mouse
small vertebrate, mammal, ES cells
What useful techniques can be used on mice
targeted transgenesis, mutagenesis
What are the disadvantages of mice
poor accessibility, small batches of embryos, expensive
What human diseases have been modelled using knockouts
cystic fibrosis, atherosclerosis
What characteristics are required for physical manipulation
large robust embryo, resistance to infection
What process was the sea urchin used to illustrate
gastrulation
What did isolating the sea urchin animal halves at the 8 cell stage produce
abnormal embryos
What organisms undergo holoblastic cleavage
worm, xenopus, mouse and human
What organism undergo meroblastic cleavage
zebrafish, and chick
What organism undergo superficial cleavage
drosophila
what are the advantages of xenopus
external fertilisation, large batches of embryo, robust embryo,
What useful techniques can be used on xenopus
injections, tissue transplants and transgenesis
What are the disadvantages of xenous
long generation time and yolky embryo
What are the advantages of the chicken
big embryo, amniote
What are the disadvantages of the chicken
not accessible early, genetic analysis difficult
what useful techniques can be used on the chicken
tissue transplantations, retroviral infection, electroporation
