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PSYC 2260 > Problem Solving > Flashcards

Problem Solving Flashcards

1
Q

What is big C creativity?

A

Artists that created masterpieces ( Darwin theory of evolution, Picasso, etc)

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2
Q

What is little c creativity?

A

Small problem solving that we do in our day to day

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3
Q

What is problem solving?

A

process by which one determines the steps needed to reach a goal.

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4
Q

What is a problem space?

A

the set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem

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5
Q

What is the hill-climbing strategy?

A

At each step in solving a problem, choose the option that moves you in the direction of your goal

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6
Q

What is a potential issue with the hill climbing strategy?

A

many problems require breifly moving away from goal to solve

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7
Q

What is means-end analysis?

A

considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state

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8
Q

How do analogies effect problem solving?

A

when given an analogy it increases the amount f people that can solve a problem, but when told that it will help majority of people are able to solve problem

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9
Q

How can problem solving be improved? (structure)

A

encoruage to focus on deep structure by giving problem a label

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10
Q

Who are more likel yto use analogies?

A

experts

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11
Q

What can problems be broken up into?

A

subproblems

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12
Q

Who are more likely to use subproblems?

A

experts

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13
Q

Why are experts better at problem solving?

A

use analogies, use subproblems, know more about domain of expertise, have assembled routines, organize knowledge effectively

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14
Q

What is an ill defined problem?

A

The goal state and the available operators for reaching the goal are not clearly specified.

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15
Q

How are ill defined problems best solved?

A

creating well defined subgoals and adding extra constraitns or assumptions

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16
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

the tendency to be rigid in thinking about an objects function

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17
Q

What is a problem solving set?

A

collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem

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18
Q

What is einstellung?

A

problem solver’s beliefs, habits, and preferred strategies,
which can have a negative effect on problem solving (german word for attitude)

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19
Q

What do problem solving sets do?

A

reduce distractions from futile strategies, usually eases the search for solution, can sometimes blind you to alternative solutions

20
Q

What are some prerequisities that highly cretive people have?

A

motivated by pleasure of work, perserverance, ignore criticism, willing to take risks, great knowledge and skill in domain, in the right place at right time

21
Q

What are the four stages of creativity argued by Wallas?

A

preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

22
Q

Do creative discoveries always follow the four steps?

A

no, sometimes some steps are skipped and out of order

23
Q

What is the incubation effect?

A

when we take a break and then the solution comes to us

24
Q

Why does the incubation effect work?

A

mind wandering, could lead to spreading activation, can also help reduce fatigue/frustration

25
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

an ability to spot ways in which seemingly distinct ideas might be interconnected

26
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

ability to move one’s thoughts in novel, unanticipated directions

27
Q

What is forward flow?

A

how much one’s current thinking breaks away from past thoughts

28
Q

Can intelligence and talent be seperaed? Example?

A

yes, savant syndrome

29
Q

What was the original IQ test?

A

ratio between mental age and actual age (meant to help developmentally delayed children in schools)

30
Q

What do curretn IQ test use?

A

multiple subtests

31
Q

What is reliability?

A

consistency of a measure

32
Q

What is validity?

A

whether a test measures what it is intended to measure

33
Q

What is the idea of prdictive validity?

A

if a test measures
what it should, the score should predict those on a related measure. (iq and gpa shoudl correlate)

34
Q

What is general intelligence (g)?

A

a capacity that provides an advantage on virutally any mental task

35
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

procedure that looks for common factors

36
Q

What is the hierarchical model of intelligence?

A

general intelligence is top, then below is numerical/linguistic/spatial, then below is specalized abilities

37
Q

What are specific learning disabilities?

A

a problem with something despite normal intelligence (dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia)

38
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

the ability to deal with novel problems

39
Q

When does fluid intelligence peak?

A

early adulthood and then declines with age

40
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

acquired knowledge

41
Q

How does crystallized intelligence change over time?

A

increases with age

42
Q

What is inspection time? How does it correltea with intelligence?

A

the time one needs to make a discrimination between two stimuli, negative correlation between response time and intelligence scores

43
Q

What is practical intelligence?

A

“street-smart” reasoning needed in day-to-day settings

44
Q

What is rationality?

A

the capacity for critically assessing information as it is gathered in the natural environment

45
Q

What does emotional intelligence refer to?

A

ability to understand your own thoughts, feelings, emotions and others, and control your emotions

46
Q

What is the flynn effect?

A

scores on intelligence tests have risen approximately 3 points per decade over the last few decades.

PSYC 2260 (10 decks)

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