Concepts & Knowledge

Question 1

What are categories?

Answer 1

everyday concepts that building blocks for creating knowledge (category of dogs helps us recognize and talk about new breeds of dogs)

Question 2

What is the definitional approach to categorization?

Answer 2

uses the definition

ex. a dog is an animal with four legs, wags its tail, and barks

Question 3

What is a potential issue with the definitional approach to categorization?

Answer 3

always exceptions (some dog breeds don’t bark etc)

Question 4

What is the family resemblance approach to categorization?

Answer 4

certain traits most things in a category have and the more traits it has the more likely it is to be in that category (a dog probbaly barks, etc…)

Question 5

What is a prototype?

Answer 5

category example that posses all the characteristic features, an average of all your encounters with things in that category

Question 6

What does the prototype theory approach to categorization?

Answer 6

category membership is judged by their typicality

Question 7

What is typicality?

Answer 7

how similar something is to a prototype for that category

Question 8

What does graded membership mean?

Answer 8

objects close to the prototype are “better” members of the category

Question 9

What is a sentence verification task?

Answer 9

answering true/false is something is apart of a category

Question 10

What does a longer reaction time in a sentence verification task me?

Answer 10

seen with items that are more distnat from the prototype (take longer to answer)

Question 11

What is a production task?

Answer 11

name as many things from a category as possible (from memory)

Question 12

What are the general results from a production task?

Answer 12

name the most typical category members first

Question 13

What is a basic level category?

Answer 13

preferred over subordinate/superordinate categories (people say chair before furniture/kitchen chair)

Question 14

What are basic level categories usually represented by?

Answer 14

represented by a single word, defualt for naming objects, easy to explain the common features, learned first

Question 15

Does typicality correlate with attractiveness? How?

Answer 15

yes

more typical members are seen as more attractive

Question 16

Is it easier to adjust cateogires based on exemplars or prototypes?

Answer 16

exemplars

Question 17

What is exemplar based reasoning?

Answer 17

categoriztaion using knowledge about a specific member (exemplar) not the protoype

Question 18

Can you use exemplar and prototype to caterogirze an individual?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

What is early learning often use?

Answer 19

exemplars

Question 20

Does atypical features always prevent categorization?

Answer 20

no (lemon that is painted blue is still a lemon)

Question 21

What do children view as changeable vs not?

Answer 21

machines (toaster could turn into a coffee machine), animals (skunk can’t turn into a racoon)

Question 22

Categorical thinking allows us to what?

Answer 22

draw broad conclusions from prior experiences, apply general knowledge to new cases

Question 23

How does typicality affect category based inferences?

Answer 23

more likely to infer from a typical case than an atypical one

Question 24

Recognition of living things (natural kinds) may depend on what?

Answer 24

perceptual properties (physical traits)

Question 25

Recognition of nonliving things (artifacts) may depend on what?

Answer 25

functional properties (how we interact with them)

Question 26

What does embodied cognition propose?

Answer 26

that our concepts include representations of perceptual properties and motor sequences

Question 27

What are the three main types of knowledge network models?

Answer 27

hierarchical (semantic/hub-spoke) network, propositional network, connectionist network

Question 28

What does the hierarchical model describe?

Answer 28

the links and coordination in conceptual knowledge, forms a web of beliefs and background knowledge on which concepts are based

Question 29

What does the principle of non-redundancy mean?

Answer 29

any overarching characteristics wont show up in specific spokes in hubs

Question 30

What is hub vs spokes?

Answer 30

hub is the central idea, spokes are the specific ideas (branches)

Question 31

Damage to the ATL leads to what?

Answer 31

loss of general knowledge

Question 32

Damage to a "spoke" leads to what?

Answer 32

loss of specific knowledge

Question 33

What is semantic dementia? What is it evidence for?

Answer 33

progressive decline in semantic memory (loss of memory network) evidence for the hierachical network model

Question 34

What are some issues with the hierarchical network model?

Answer 34

sentence verifications are faster when involving the prototype, the principle of nonredundancy does not always hold

Question 35

What are propositions?

Answer 35

smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false

Question 36

What do nodes represent in the propositional network model?

Answer 36

nodes can represent concepts, links between nodes form more complex concepts

Question 37

What are local representations and processing? Examples?

Answer 37

each node represents one concept or idea hub and spoke, proporsitional network

Question 38

What is parallel distributed processing?

Answer 38

PDP, each idea is represented by a pattern of activation across the netowork (connectionist netowrk)

Question 39

Why is it hard to know if some people really can't visualize things in their head?

Answer 39

translation step, people might have a hard time translating their inner experience into word

Question 40

What are chronometric studies?

Answer 40

time measuring studies, asks participants to judge/manipulate mental images (reaction time)

Question 41

What are image scanning procedures?

Answer 41

given a map to memorize, told to imagine map and then imagine a black dot moving from one landmark to another

Question 42

For image scanning procedures does it take them longer to move the black dot further?

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

Why is it that when imagining a mouse and an elephant it takes longer to answer if the mouse has whiskers than if it was two mice?

Answer 43

because to zoom in/out takes time (reaction time is directly proportional to the amount of zoom required)

Question 44

When mentally rotating an image what happens in an fMRI?

Answer 44

the more degrees of rotation the more activation seen

Question 45

What is demand character?

Answer 45

cues in an experiment that might signal to participants how they are expected to/supposed to behave

Question 46

What are percepts?

Answer 46

mental representations of the perceived stimulus

Question 47

For the rabbit duck illusion, does the illusion remain when imagining it?

Answer 47

no, only can see one or the other

Question 48

How can you tell that visualizing and perceiving use similar mechanisms?

Answer 48

when imagining a stimulus it is harder to detect dim stimuli, if you imagine a stimulus before seeing it the perception is facilitated (priming)

Question 49

Can we figure out what pictures people are imagining?

Answer 49

yes, same areas in occipital lobe activate

Question 50

If you disrupt V1 can the person still imagine things?

Answer 50

no (can't visualize)

Question 51

Do people that are born blind show the same results for image scanning and mental rotation?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

What might spatial imagery be based on?

Answer 52

motion imagery, or body imagery

Question 53

Does damage to visual areas of brain effect spatial imagery?

Answer 53

no (smae vice versa) (double dissociation)

Question 54

What did patient L.H experience?

Answer 54

brain damage after car accident made them have trouble with visual tasks but not spatial

Question 55

Choosing between using visual/spatial imagery will by influenced by what?

Answer 55

task, personal preference, individual ability

Question 56

Do mental rotation and mental folding of objects require the same mechanisms?

Answer 56

no

Question 57

Are there gender differences in mental folding/rotation?

Answer 57

there are gender differences in rotation but not folding

Question 58

How are images stored in long term memory?

Answer 58

in a piece-by-piece fashion

Question 59

How does imagery help memory?

Answer 59

dual coding (multiple retrieval oprrotunities)