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PSYC 2260 > Concepts & Knowledge > Flashcards

Concepts & Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What are categories?

A

everyday concepts that building blocks for creating knowledge (category of dogs helps us recognize and talk about new breeds of dogs)

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2
Q

What is the definitional approach to categorization?

A

uses the definition

ex. a dog is an animal with four legs, wags its tail, and barks

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3
Q

What is a potential issue with the definitional approach to categorization?

A

always exceptions (some dog breeds don’t bark etc)

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4
Q

What is the family resemblance approach to categorization?

A

certain traits most things in a category have and the more traits it has the more likely it is to be in that category (a dog probbaly barks, etc…)

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5
Q

What is a prototype?

A

category example that posses all the characteristic features, an average of all your encounters with things in that category

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6
Q

What does the prototype theory approach to categorization?

A

category membership is judged by their typicality

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7
Q

What is typicality?

A

how similar something is to a prototype for that category

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8
Q

What does graded membership mean?

A

objects close to the prototype are “better” members of the category

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9
Q

What is a sentence verification task?

A

answering true/false is something is apart of a category

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10
Q

What does a longer reaction time in a sentence verification task me?

A

seen with items that are more distnat from the prototype (take longer to answer)

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11
Q

What is a production task?

A

name as many things from a category as possible (from memory)

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12
Q

What are the general results from a production task?

A

name the most typical category members first

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13
Q

What is a basic level category?

A

preferred over subordinate/superordinate categories (people say chair before furniture/kitchen chair)

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14
Q

What are basic level categories usually represented by?

A

represented by a single word, defualt for naming objects, easy to explain the common features, learned first

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15
Q

Does typicality correlate with attractiveness? How?

A

yes

more typical members are seen as more attractive

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16
Q

Is it easier to adjust cateogires based on exemplars or prototypes?

A

exemplars

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17
Q

What is exemplar based reasoning?

A

categoriztaion using knowledge about a specific member (exemplar) not the protoype

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18
Q

Can you use exemplar and prototype to caterogirze an individual?

A

yes

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19
Q

What is early learning often use?

A

exemplars

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20
Q

Does atypical features always prevent categorization?

A

no (lemon that is painted blue is still a lemon)

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21
Q

What do children view as changeable vs not?

A

machines (toaster could turn into a coffee machine), animals (skunk can’t turn into a racoon)

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22
Q

Categorical thinking allows us to what?

A

draw broad conclusions from prior experiences, apply general knowledge to new cases

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23
Q

How does typicality affect category based inferences?

A

more likely to infer from a typical case than an atypical one

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24
Q

Recognition of living things (natural kinds) may depend on what?

A

perceptual properties (physical traits)

25
Q

Recognition of nonliving things (artifacts) may depend on what?

A

functional properties (how we interact with them)

26
Q

What does embodied cognition propose?

A

that our concepts include representations of perceptual properties and motor sequences

27
Q

What are the three main types of knowledge network models?

A

hierarchical (semantic/hub-spoke) network, propositional network, connectionist network

28
Q

What does the hierarchical model describe?

A

the links and coordination in conceptual knowledge, forms a web of beliefs and background knowledge on which concepts are based

29
Q

What does the principle of non-redundancy mean?

A

any overarching characteristics wont show up in specific spokes in hubs

30
Q

What is hub vs spokes?

A

hub is the central idea, spokes are the specific ideas (branches)

31
Q

Damage to the ATL leads to what?

A

loss of general knowledge

32
Q

Damage to a “spoke” leads to what?

A

loss of specific knowledge

33
Q

What is semantic dementia? What is it evidence for?

A

progressive decline in semantic memory (loss of memory network)

evidence for the hierachical network model

34
Q

What are some issues with the hierarchical network model?

A

sentence verifications are faster when involving the prototype, the principle of nonredundancy does not always hold

35
Q

What are propositions?

A

smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false

36
Q

What do nodes represent in the propositional network model?

A

nodes can represent concepts, links between nodes form more complex concepts

37
Q

What are local representations and processing? Examples?

A

each node represents one concept or idea

hub and spoke, proporsitional network

38
Q

What is parallel distributed processing?

A

PDP, each idea is represented by a pattern of activation across the netowork (connectionist netowrk)

39
Q

Why is it hard to know if some people really can’t visualize things in their head?

A

translation step, people might have a hard time translating their inner experience into word

40
Q

What are chronometric studies?

A

time measuring studies, asks participants to judge/manipulate mental images (reaction time)

41
Q

What are image scanning procedures?

A

given a map to memorize, told to imagine map and then imagine a black dot moving from one landmark to another

42
Q

For image scanning procedures does it take them longer to move the black dot further?

A

yes

43
Q

Why is it that when imagining a mouse and an elephant it takes longer to answer if the mouse has whiskers than if it was two mice?

A

because to zoom in/out takes time (reaction time is directly proportional to the amount of zoom required)

44
Q

When mentally rotating an image what happens in an fMRI?

A

the more degrees of rotation the more activation seen

45
Q

What is demand character?

A

cues in an experiment that might signal to participants how they are expected to/supposed to behave

46
Q

What are percepts?

A

mental representations of
the perceived stimulus

47
Q

For the rabbit duck illusion, does the illusion remain when imagining it?

A

no, only can see one or the other

48
Q

How can you tell that visualizing and perceiving use similar mechanisms?

A

when imagining a stimulus it is harder to detect dim stimuli, if you imagine a stimulus before seeing it the perception is facilitated (priming)

49
Q

Can we figure out what pictures people are imagining?

A

yes, same areas in occipital lobe activate

50
Q

If you disrupt V1 can the person still imagine things?

A

no (can’t visualize)

51
Q

Do people that are born blind show the same results for image scanning and mental rotation?

A

yes

52
Q

What might spatial imagery be based on?

A

motion imagery, or body imagery

53
Q

Does damage to visual areas of brain effect spatial imagery?

A

no (smae vice versa) (double dissociation)

54
Q

What did patient L.H experience?

A

brain damage after car accident made them have trouble with visual tasks but not spatial

55
Q

Choosing between using visual/spatial imagery will by influenced by what?

A

task, personal preference, individual ability

56
Q

Do mental rotation and mental folding of objects require the same mechanisms?

A

no

57
Q

Are there gender differences in mental folding/rotation?

A

there are gender differences in rotation but not folding

58
Q

How are images stored in long term memory?

A

in a piece-by-piece fashion

59
Q

How does imagery help memory?

A

dual coding (multiple retrieval oprrotunities)

PSYC 2260 (10 decks)

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