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PSYC 2260 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sentence?

A

coherent sequence of words

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2
Q

What is a word?

A

a complete/discrete unit of meaning in a language

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3
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

the smallest language unit that carries a meaning

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4
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

the smallest unit of sound that serves to distinguish a meaning

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5
Q

How would you seperate the word talked into morphemes? What about players?

A

talk, ed

play, er, s

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6
Q

What types of sounds are we senstive to?

A

the ones that carry a meaning in languages that we speak

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7
Q

The categorization of speech sounds is based on?

A

voicing, manner of production, place of articulation

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8
Q

What does speech segmentation refer to?

A

the parsing (slicing) of a continuous speech stream into appropriate segments

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9
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

adjacent phonemes overlap when producing speech

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10
Q

What are the effects of coarticulation?

A

make speech production faster and more fluent, makes it more difficult for people that are learning the language

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11
Q

Do acoustical patterns for phonemes differ? What does this mean?

A

yes they differ in different contexts, certain sounds sound differnt depending on waht word they are in

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12
Q

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

A

when listening to a sentence if a sound in a word is cut out we can still understand it (top-down)

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13
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

we’re better at hearing differences between categories of sounds than within sound categories

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14
Q

Are all combinations of phonemes acceptable?

A

in your language only some are

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15
Q

What is generavity?

A

the capacity to create endless new combintaions from a small set of fundamental units

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16
Q

What does syntax mean?

A

rules that govern the structure of a phrase or sentence

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17
Q

Can a phrase violate the syntax rules and still make sense?

A

yes (me want cookie)

18
Q

Do syntactic rules depend on meaning?

A

no (jabberwocky, a nonsense poem)

19
Q

What are prescriptive rules?

A

rules describing how something is supposed to be in a language

20
Q

What are descriptive rules?

A

rules describing the language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers/listeners

21
Q

What do NP and VP stand for?

A

noun phrase and verb phrase (parts of sentence that talk about the noun/verb)

22
Q

What are ambiguous sentences?

A

sentences that are, despite being written and understood correctly, can have ambiguous meaning (visiting relatives can be awful)

23
Q

What is parsing?

A

refers to the process of determining each words syntactic role in a sentence

24
Q

Do people parse sentences once its done or while they are listening?

A

parse them as they hear them (can lead to misinterpretation)

25
Q

What are garden path sentences?

A

they initially suggest an interpretation that turns out to be incorrect (the secretary applaud for his efforts was soon promoted)

26
Q

Are garden path sentences an example of an ambiguous sentence?

A

no (only have one meaning)

27
Q

In english what voice do people tend to assume its in?

A

active voice (diff. for other languages)

28
Q

Interpretations of sentences are influenced by?

A

function words, morphemes that indicate syntatic roles, background knowledge

29
Q

What are function words?

A

don’t have meaningn on own but show relationship (for,to with)

30
Q

When is a N400 reading found (ERP)?

A

semantic violation (trains are sour)

31
Q

What is extralinguistic context?

A

the physical and social setting in which we encounter sentences

32
Q

What is prosody?

A

the patterns of pause and pitch changes that characterize speech prodction

33
Q

What does prosody do?

A

reveals speakers mood, directs the listeners attention to the sentences focus and theme, highlights the sentences intended meaning

34
Q

What are pragmatic rules?

A

rules that govern how people actually use a language

35
Q

Fluent language use by humans looks like its enabled by what?

A

innate neural machienyr specfilized for language leraning

36
Q

What is broca’s aphasia?

A

nonfluent aphasia, intact comprehension, impaired production

37
Q

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

A

fluent aphasia, impaired comprehension, intact production

38
Q

What is specific language imapriment evidence for?

A

evidence of specialized mechanisms used for learning languages

39
Q

What does SLI look like?

A

normal intelligence, slow to learn language, difficulty understanding and producing language throught life, poor performance on linguistic knowledge tests (conjugate blife)

40
Q

What is home sign?

A

Children who are born deaf but not taught sign language will develop their own gestural language

41
Q

What is linguistic relativity?

A

hypothesis that people who speak different languages think differently as a result

PSYC 2260 (10 decks)

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