Problem 9 Prosocial Behaviour

Question 1

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 1

Acts that are positively valued by society

→voluntary, benefits others, defined by society norms

Question 2

Helping behaviour

Answer 2

Acts that intentionally benefit about someone else
→subcategory of prosocial behaviour, has to be a direct person which you help
→can be antisocial e.g. overhelping

Question 3

Whom do we help

Answer 3

• People tend to help younger an older people more than infants. They prefer 10 and 18 years old people

Question 4

Empathy

Answer 4

Ability to feel another person’s experiences, identifying/experiencing other people’s emotions, thoughts and attitudes

Question 5

Bystander-calculus model

Answer 5

Bystanders evaluate the costs and benefits of helping with those associate with not helping
o Personal costs of not helping: Failing to help can bring the bystander in plight as well (Piliavin)
o Empathy costs of not helping: Not helping a victim in destress can be costly for the bystander (e.g. experience blame) (Piliavin)

Question 6

Learning by vicarious behaviour

Answer 6

Acquiring a behaviour after observing that another person was rewarded for it

Question 7

Bystander intervention

Answer 7

This occurs when an bystander breaks out of his role and helps somebody in an emergency

Question 8

Latane and Darleys cognitive model

Answer 8

1. Attend to what happening 2. Define event as emergency 3. Assume responsibility 4. Decide what can be done -> giving help
   the more people the slower the response

Question 9

Mutualism

Answer 9

cooperative behaviour benefits the co-operator as well as others, a defector will do worse that a co-operator

Question 10

Kin selection

Answer 10

those who cooperate are biased towards their blood relatives because it helps propagate their genes; the lack of benefit of the co-operator indicates altruism

Question 11

Norms

Answer 11

o Reciprocity norm: we should help those who helped us
→ reciprocity principle: Try to gain compliance by doing someone a favour or helping them. (wie man in den wald rein ruft so kommt es auch wieder heraus)
o Social responsibility norm: States that we should help people who need it or are dependent.

Question 12

Bystander effect

Answer 12

States that people are less likely to help when other persons are around which technically could help as well
→is stronger between strangers because their communication is slower

Question 13

Autokinetic paradigm

Answer 13

Looking at other for guidance

Question 14

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 14

Tendency of an individual to assume that others will take responsibility (as a result nobody does), his is a hypothesis based on the bystanders effect

Question 15

Fear of social blunders

Answer 15

The fear, to act unappropriated or making a foolish mistake, caused by others. The desire to avoid negative evaluation inhibits the effective response to an emergency by members of the group

Question 16

Social influence

Answer 16

other onlookers provide a model for action

Question 17

Bad mood

Answer 17

Concentrate on themselves on their own worries and problems (can lead to prosocial behaviour when its about combating injustice and promoting moral principles)

Question 18

Social stereotypes

Answer 18

inhibit helping people from a certain stereotype (e.g. men don’t like to receive or even ask for help)

Question 19

Commons dilemma

Answer 19

Social dilemma where cooperation by all benefits all and competition by all harms all

Question 20

Giving instructions

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 20

simply telling children to be helpful to others works

Question 21

Using reinforcement

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 21

Behaviour that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated and vice versa

Question 22

Exposure to models

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 22

Modelling works so if a child sees a model helping somebody it is likely to reproduce this behaviour

Question 23

encourage ps behaviour (media)

Answer 23

Prosocial music games series

Question 24

Helpful Attributions

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 24

(might feel bad when you don’t fulfil your own attribution)

Question 25

Distress cues

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 25

try to catch attention (e.g. screaming)

Question 26

Good mood

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 26

not preoccupied with themselves and more sensitive for the needs of others

Question 27

Physical characteristics

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 27

e.g. strength or height in a case of a crime

Question 28

Psychological characteristics

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 28

Higher status, agreeable people

Question 29

Attachment styles

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 29

Securely attached people are more prosocial

Question 30

Urban overload (underload in this case) theory
encourage ps behaviour

Answer 30

people from small-town background are likely to help

Question 31

Competence

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 31

When you have knowledge how to handle a certain situation

Question 32

Sexual arousal

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 32

Men are more likely to help women

Question 33

Prior commitment

encourage ps behaviour

Answer 33

When you agree to be responsible when certain trouble occurs.
E.g. when committing yourself to protect the property of somebody for theft

Question 34

Altruism

Answer 34

Is an act of helping somebody to benefit them without expecting a personal gain, can be costly (selfless)

Question 35

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 35

When you help people you kind of expect some reparation not necessarily now but some day maybe

Question 36

Nature-nurture controversy

Answer 36

Controversy about if whether human behaviour is influenced by genetic or the environment. Scientist generally accept that’s it a combination of both

Question 37

Evolutionary social psychology

Answer 37

A part of social psychology which sees some behaviour as learned, helping the individual, kin and the species to survive.

Question 38

Sociocultural theory

Answer 38

psychological gender differences are determined by individuals’ adaptions to restrictions based on their gender in their society. Also called Social role theory

Question 39

Urban overload theory

Answer 39

In big citys you have so many arousals that you are overwhelmed and so more unlikely to help

Question 40

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 40

You are more likely to help near family members (e.g. more likely to help sister than cousin) this is to protect your genes

Question 41

Male helping behaviour

Answer 41

More heroic way

Question 42

Female helping behaviour

Answer 42

more emotional way

Question 43

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 43

If nobody does anything the situation cant be an emergency