Problem 3 Prejudice and stereotypes Flashcards
Prejudice
unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members
→an interaction between large-scale social forces , evolution-based behavioural and cognitive parameters, and individual human beings unique biographies of experiences and relationships
Stereotypes
widely common and simplified evaluative image of a social group and their members
• Stereotypes often serve the function of justifying prejudice and discrimination
• Stereotypes explain what a group is, why the group is that way, and why these groups are treated as they are
discrimination
when you behave due to your prejudice
Reluctance to help
- Other groups to improve their position in society
- Combination of racial anxiety and antipathy, coupled with a beliefe of overstated, leads to not offering help
- Appears mostly when it can be attributed to some other factors
Tokenism
• The practice of publicly making concessions to a minority group in order to seem not prejudiced or discriminative
→ e.g. don’t bother me haven’t I already done enough
• Has damaging consequence for the self-esteem of people who are employed as token minorities
Reverse discrimination
• People who are prejudiced may sometimes be more kind to people from groups against they are prejudiced more than to members of other groups to deflect the association to prejudice and discrimination
Face-ism
Media gives more importance to the head of men and less to the body other way around for women
→camera focus more on the upper body for women and the head for men
category primes
is the bases of categories so the basis of stereotypes, can be e.g. an accent, a face, a costume)
Parental prejudice
learned in an age where you didn’t knew something about the outgroup but you get an emotional framework from your parents which you might overtake
Authoritarian personality
Personality syndrome built in the childhood or born that leads individuals to be prejudiced
→people are not flexible in their thoughts and they are really sensitive to authority
Social dominance theory
social structure seems to be supported by a unspoken group hierarchy which is based on different traits such as gender or ethnicity. This hierarchy seems to be responsible for the assigning of resources or privileges.
For example, in modern western society, the white male hierarchy is more dominant than minority racial groups. In turn, the dominant hierarchies (white males) will allocate resources based on their self-interest and assign undesired roles, such as working dangerous jobs or living in undesirable locations, to subordinate groups.
Believe congruence theory
The theory that similar believes promote liking and social harmony among people, dissimilarity porduce dislike and prejudice
Ethnocentrism
Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups
Relative deprivation
when you have less than others you will get jealous which leads to aggression against whom have it (is applicable for individuals and groups)
Stigma
Group attributes that mediate a negative social-evaluation of people who belonging to the group
Visible stigmas
such as race, gender, obesity and age things that people cannot easily avoid being the target of stereotypes and discrimination
concealable stigmas
such as sexuality, some illness, religion allow people to avoid prejudice and discrimination (high cost, untrue to themselves) can lead to decreased self-esteem
controllable stigmas
are those that people believe, right or wrong, are chosen rather than assigned e.g. smoking homosexuality
uncontrollable stigmas
are those that people believe it is assigned to them e.g. race some illness
Stereotype lift
People or groups feel better if they compare themselves with stigmatised groups (downward comparison)
Stereotype threat
Feeling that we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we confirm these stereotypes without mention it
→increases anxiety and negative thoughts
→e.g. women and mathematics and black and white
men in case of athletic
→can hinder the performance
mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
Dehuminisation
Stripping people of their dignity and humanity
Infra-humanisation
When one groups thinks they are more human than another group
Sexism
prejudice against people baised on their gender
Sex role
behaviour deemed to sex-stereotypical appropriate
Role congruity theory
when people behave in ways that not confirm with role expectations observers might react negatively
Glass ceilling
an invisible barrier that prevents women or minorities, from attending to leadership positions
→men can hit it as well e.g. flight attendent
Glass cliff
more women than men get leadership positions which are doomed to fail or will get generate critics
Backlash
bigger focus how women should behave than how men should
Attribution
the process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others
Self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations and assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person and eventually change their behaviour in line with our expectations e.g. teacher were told some kids are better that others so the teachers focused on them, the result was that the “better children” increased their skills more than the others
Meta-analysis
statistical procedure that combines data from different studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of specific aspects
Essentialism
ssentialism is the idea that people and things have ‘natural’ characteristics that are inherent and unchanging. Essentialism allows people to categorize, or put individual items or even people into groups,
Cultural Essentialism
Cultural essentialism is the practice of categorizing groups of people within a culture, or from other cultures, according to essential qualities
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
theory that all frustration leads to aggression and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression
Scapegoat
Individual or group that becomes the target of frustration and aggression caused by others or other circumstances (sündenbock)
Displacement
Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings
Generalization
implies that the agression will decrease as the potential target is less similar to the real source
Collective behaviour
the behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd or riot, leads often to more anonymity so to more agression
social dominance theory
theory that attributes prejudice to an individuals acceptance of an ideology that legitimates ingroup serving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies (your group should be at the top of hierarchy)
system justification
Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo
Belief congruence theory
The theory that similar beliefs can lead to positive images of a person and vice versa
Dogmatism
Cognitive style that is fixed and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced
Minimal group paradigm
you will always favour your group even if you don’t know the other members of the group
Implicit association test
reaction time test to measure attitudes – particularly unpopular attitudes that people might conceal
Traditionalists
born between 1925-1945: patient loyal, and hardworking; respectful authority and rule followers
Baby boomers
born between 1946 and 1960 are optimistic value teamwork and cooperation, are ambitious and workaholics
Generation X
born between 1961 and 1980 are sceptical, self-reliant risk-takers who balance work and personal life
Millenials
born between 1981 and 1999 are hopeful they value meaningful work, diversity and change and are technological savvy
