Problem 7 Groups and leadership Flashcards
Groups (definition)
Two or more people who share a common definition and evaluation of themselves and behave in accordance with such a definition
- A collection of individuals who interact with another
- A social unit of two or more persons who perceive themselves as belonging to a group
- A collection of individuals who are interdependent
- A collection of people who joint together to reach a goal
- People who are trying to satisfy their needs by joining a group
- People who’s interactions are structured by a set of roles and norms
- A collection of individuals who influence each other
Social facilitation
An improvement of well learnt easy tasks and visca versa in the mere presence of the same species
Uncertainty-identity theory
To reduce uncertainty and feel more comfortable they join groups with clear attitudes and consensual norms
Transactive memory
People remember who remembers what and who is an expert in certain topics
→discuss responsibility
→relative experience
→access of information
Group mind
Idea that people adopt a qualitatively different mode of thinking when in a group
What kind of groups?
- Intimacy groups
- Task groups
- Social categories
- Loose association
Common-bond groups
Groups based on the attachment among members
→personal goals are more salient than group goals (preferred by women)
Common-identity groups
groups based on the attachment to the group
→group goals are more salient than personal goals because the group provides an important source of identity (preferred by men)
Social aggregates
Random people who don’t know each other (people waiting for a bus)
Crosscuting categories
when subgroups represent larger categories that have members outside their larger group
→Schism: Division of a group in subgroups which differ in attitudes, values or ideology (can be caused by lack of voice)
Individualists
State that people behave like they used to when they are alone in groups
Collectivists
state that there are some social processes which only occur in groups
Roles
Patterns of behaviour that distinguish between different activities within the group, and that interrelate to one another for the greater good for the group. (Roles are not people but behavioural prescriptions that are assigned to people)
→informal (friends) /formal (work)
Leadership role
Getting group members to achieve the groups goals
Task specialists
The ideas people, who get things done (more likely to be a leader)
Socioemotional
People who are liked by everyone because they address relationships in the group
Membership statuses
- Non-member: prospective member who hasn’t joint the group and ex-members who have left the group
- Quasi-member: new members who hasn’t attained full status and members who lost their full-member status
- Full-member: People who are closely identified with the group and have all the privileges and responsibilities associated with a full-membership
- Marginal member: Somebody who doesn’t embodies the groups attitudes (often disliked and sometimes the Blacksheep)
Entitativity
The property of a group that makes it seems like a connected, obvious and unitary entity
Cohesiveness
The property of a group that actively binds people, as group members, to one another and to the group as a whole, giving the group a sense of solidarity and oneness
→the factor that transfers an aggregate to a group
Group socialisation
Dynamic relationship that describes the passage of a member through different roles and commitments inside the group
Norms
Attitudinal and behavioural similarities that define group membership and differ between groups
→It can happen that even there is no original member in the group anymore they still follow the norms of the original member
Moraility
Moral principles are fundamental organising principles for our behaviour, which regulate behavioural activation (approach) and behavioural inhibition (avoidance)
Three basic processes
(How to become a group member
- Evaluation: Comparing the rewards you can earn in this group. While the group members evaluate if the goals and norms of the group work out with the ones of the candidate
- Commitment: A commitment of the individual to the group and the other way around. (Norms, goals, attitudes) Has to be balanced otherwise it can create instability)
- Role transition: changing roles from non-member to quasi-member to full-member
Initiation rites
An often painful and embarrassing procedure to mark group members movements from on role to another
Audience effects
The effect of an audience on individual task performance
Drive theory
States that physical presence of members of the same species leads to individually learned dominant patterns which will display in public even stronger because it is the first thing that comes to your mind
Evaluation apprehension model
States that presence of the same species causes drive because people are afraid of being evaluated
Distraction-conflict theory
The physical presence of members of the same species is distracting and produces conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience
Ringelmann effect
The individual effort decreases when the size of the group decreases
Social loafing
The individual effort decreases when you do a collective task which is mixes the effort of all compared to individual task where the effort is not mixed with others (motivation loss) (evaluation apprehension theory)
Social compensation
Increasing effort on a collective task to compensate the incompetence or loafing of other group members
Frame of mind
group
When they are in groups people rely on the groups mean rather than on their own frame of mind
Self-categorization
How the progress of categorization themselves as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviour
