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Probiotics 2 > Probiotics and prebiotics > Flashcards

Probiotics and prebiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Prebiotics

A

Substrate selectively utilized by host microbes conferring a health benefit (changing definition)

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2
Q

Synbiotic

A

Probiotics + Prebiotics

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3
Q

Prebiotic original (1995)

A

Non-digestible food ingredient that benefits the host by stimulating the growth/activity of one or limited number of bacteria in the colon to improve hosts health (bacteria can digest)

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4
Q

2015 prebiotic definiton

A

Selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes in composition/activity in GI microbiota that confers a benefit upon host well being and health (more inclusive)

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5
Q

Non-digestable carbs are probiotics if…

A

1) Resistance to gastric acidity + mammalian enzymes
2) Susceptible to fermentation by gut bacteria
3) Improve viability or activity of beneficial microbes

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6
Q

Most common Prebiotics

A

Inulin, GOS, FOS

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7
Q

Route of prebiotics

A

Selective fermentation by Bifidobacterium –> secrete SCFAs (Lactate, acetate, propionate, butyrate) –> stimulate host cells

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8
Q

Sources of Prebiotics

A

Lactose, starch, fruits, veggies, honey, seeds, beans, mustard…

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9
Q

From starch

A

Maltooligosaccharides (MOS)

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10
Q

From Lactose (milk)

A

Lactulose

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11
Q

Industrial probiotics

A

Lactulose, FOS…

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12
Q

Prebiotic Selection Criteria (additions)

A
  1. Selective stimulation of growth of probiotics
  2. Beneficial to host
  3. Stable in food and processing conditions
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13
Q

Special strains of Bifido grow on

A

Oligofructose (competitive advantage)

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14
Q

Confirmation of selectivity of prebiotic

A

Monitor changes in fecal microbiota and decreasing prebiotic concentrations in vitro and in vivo

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15
Q

Mechanism of action of prebiotics difficult to discriminate because…

A

Due to prebiotic only or changes in microbiota

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16
Q

Prebiotics for CD and UC infections

A

Varying results

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17
Q

CD + Prebiotics

A

FOS has shown to increase bifido and decrease disease but not lactulose

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18
Q

UC + Prebiotics

A

FOS + inulin and shown to reduce calprotectin and improve symptoms but not lactulose

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19
Q

Has shown no effect

A

Lactulose

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20
Q

Calprotectin

A

Marker of inflammation

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21
Q

Prebiotics mechanism (5)

A

1) Hepatic lipogenic enzyme regulation
2) Module histone acetylation so more genes are expressed
3) Modulate mucin production
4) Increased lymphocytes and leukocytes in GALT and peripheral blood to increase IR
5) Increase macrophages phagocytic funtion

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22
Q

Hepatic lipogenic enzyme regulation

A

Increases in SCFA production (Propionic acid)

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23
Q

Histone acetylation

A

SCFAs (butyric acid)

24
Q

Increase WBCs from prebiotics with

A

FOS (+)

25
Q

How to increase phagocytic function of intra-inflammatory macrophages

A

Increase GALT IgA secretion

26
Q

Prebiotics as food because

A

Good sensory features _ well balanced nutrition composition

27
Q

Prebiotics as food benefits

A

1) Freshness
2) Moisture
3) Fiber incorporation (liquids)
4) Gelling (low fat)
5) Replacement and emulsion (replace fat)
5) Dietary

28
Q

Component

A

A substance that can be characterised chemically but is not a drug or organism; mostly food grade

29
Q

FAO Prebiotic

A

nonviable food component that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulation of the microbiota

30
Q

Health benefit

A

Measurable and not due to adsorption into the bloodstream or due to component acting alone and over-riding adverse effects

31
Q

Modulation

A

Sole presence of the component and its formulation changes composition or activity in the target host

32
Q

Modulation examples

A

Fermentation, receptor blockage…

33
Q

FAO

A

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation

34
Q

Steps to a prebiotic by FAO (7)

A

Component characterization –> Functional characterization –> Product formulation –> safety assessment –> DBRC studies –> preferable second DBRC studies –> Prebiotic classification

35
Q

Component characterization (5)

A

Source, origin, purity, chemical composition, structure

36
Q

Other type of component specification/product formulation

A

Vehicle, concentration, amount being delivered

37
Q

Functional Characterization

A

In vitro and animal testing

38
Q

Safety assessment includes

A

In vitro and animal studies + P1 trails if not GRAS or equivalent

39
Q

RCT requires

A

Sample size and primary outcome appropriate to determine if efficacious

40
Q

RTC outcomes should show (Functionality)

A

Minimal proof that there is a correlation between outcome and changes in microbiota at specific site

41
Q

Functionality Sites

A

GI tract, UG tract, Skin…

42
Q

Need to correlate

A

A specific function at a specific site with a physiological outcome in a specific timeframe

43
Q

The ____ should change in a statistical way for prebiotic test

A

Target variable

44
Q

Statistical way for

A

Target group in a biological way

45
Q

Statistical significance can be due to

A

Small variability and not biological significance on disease

46
Q

RCT for prebiotics should be tested against

A

Placebo or standard control substance

47
Q

Physiological outcomes possible due to prebiotics (8)

A

Satiety (satisfied), Endocrine mechanisms, Nutrient adsorption, Decreased infection duration, fat decrease, bowel movement and regularity, Cancer risk markers, Changes in adaptive and innate immunity

48
Q

Satiety

A

Toward carbs, fats, and total energy intake to prevent obesity

49
Q

Endocrine mechanisms

A

Regulate food intake + energy usage in the body

50
Q

Nutrient adsorption for prebiotics (4)

A

Calcium, Mg, trace elements, protein

51
Q

Parameters that can be lowered by prebiotics

A

Blood lipids and endocrine (fat disease)

52
Q

Safety recommendations for prebiotics

A

1) GRAS status or equal –> might not need additional toxicological studies
2) Safe levels with minimal symptoms and side effects
3) No contaminants or impurities
4) NO alteration that has long term detrimental effects on host

53
Q

Safety parameters established by

A

All National Regulations

54
Q

Production Management Issues

A

It is on the manufacturer to ensure purity and consistency between lots

55
Q

Formulation and storage management issues

A

Recommended that stability limit, processing and production technology effect, and desired biology activity in target host evaluated

56
Q

Regularity Management Issues

A

Regulatory agency where sales are to be made with documentation supporting health claims provided by the producer (FAO in US)

Probiotics 2 (9 decks)

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