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Probiotics 2 > Milk > Flashcards

Milk Flashcards

1
Q

Complex glycans

A

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)

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2
Q

Who breaks down HMOs?

A

Bifidobacterium (In MOM)

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3
Q

HMOs allow

A

Mitigation of harmful bacteria with growth of beneficial

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4
Q

Abundance of HMOs

A

Third most abundant component in human milk and more than protein

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5
Q

HMOs

A

Indigestible that serve as metabolic substrate for beneficial bacteria and commensals

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6
Q

Variations in HMOs

A

Concentration: Lactation stage (colostrum vs mature milk) and Type: Genetics of mother

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7
Q

Colostrum vs Mature milk HMO numbers

A

20-25g/L vs 5-15g/L

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8
Q

Number of HMOs identified in human milk

A

> 200

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9
Q

HMOs are ___ because ___

A

Prebiotics because they are indigestible and make their way to the gut without modification

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10
Q

Benefits of HMOs

A

1) Grow beneficial bacteria
2) Modulate intestinal epithelial cell responses
3) Prevent pathogens in epithelium (antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity)

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11
Q

Genetics of HMOs

A

Goes along with mom’s blood group + depends on type of glucosyltransferase expressed

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12
Q

HMOs can have _____ units

A

15 disaccharide units with different isomeric forms

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13
Q

Number of HMOs that are neutral

A

75%

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14
Q

Culturing of human milk have found

A

Staph (aureus and epidermidis), Strep salvarius, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium

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15
Q

9 Core Genera of Milk

A

Staphylococcus, Strep, Sphingomonas, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Propionibacterium, Ralstornia, Corynebacterium, Bradyrhizobiaceae

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16
Q

Core Genera in milk %

A

95%

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17
Q

Number of bacteria BF babies consume a day

A

8x10^5

18
Q

Enteromammary Pathway

A

Bacteria from human gut travels to the mammary gland to mold epi cells, immune cells, and bacteria itself

19
Q

HMM unique to

A

Mother

20
Q

HMM influenced by

A

Mother’s skin (Staph and Corynebacterium), Enteromammary pathway, backflow from baby

21
Q

Sources of baby microbiomes

A

delievery –> HMM

22
Q

Two core genera in HMM

A

Staph and Strep

23
Q

NEC

A

Most common GI disease in pre-term infants and most common cause of death but incompletely understood

24
Q

% of low birth weight babies that develop NEC

A

7%

25
Q

Mortality of NEC

A

10-30%

26
Q

Risk factors of NEC

A

Formula + acid supplement medications + Longterm antibiotics

27
Q

How human milk protects from NEC

A

Down-regulates pro-inflammatory genes + SCFA production to lower pH and O2 to suppress pathogens and support barrier maturation and function

28
Q

DHM

A

Mimicking MOM that is usually a complex mix of different samples of MOM

29
Q

Limitations of DHM

A

No microbiome and inactivation of components due to pasteurisation and varies + no specific gestational age or nutritional needs of infant considered

30
Q

Downfall of DHM (3)

A

Lack microbiota so more vulnerable to infection + reduced Ig, lactoferrin, cytokines, growth factors + harder to digest and absorb nutrients

31
Q

Human milk banks all over

A

US and Australia with Japan and Norway having pasteurisation free options

32
Q

Mimicking MOM new option

A

Mix donor and MOM and incubate over time (3 or 10% MOM)

33
Q

MOM + DHM –>

A

No change in alpha diversity, but significant difference in members (50% restoration to famiies in MOM)

34
Q

Frozen MOM + DHM

A

No difference in repopulation from immediate processing

35
Q

MOM + DHM vs MOM

A

Metabolic analysis similar + similar IL8 in cell lines (safe)

36
Q

HMO structures

A

Lactose elongated by 1,3 or 1,6 linked lactobiose or N-acetyl glucosamine

37
Q

3 Types of HMOs

A

Fructose at end (35-50%), N-acetylglucosamine at end (42-55%), or Salic acid at end (12-14%)

38
Q

Neutral VS Acidic HMOs

A

Sialic acid is acidic and fructose or N-acetylglucosamine neutral (75%)

39
Q

Bioactives (5)

A

Ig, HMOs, WBC, AMPs, miRNAs

40
Q

MOM benefits

A

Complete and personal nutrition, Enhances immune development, gut colonisation, pathogen protection, less GI disease

Probiotics 2 (9 decks)

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